Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The trends and challenges of fiber reinforced additive manufacturing

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the last few years, utilizing fiber reinforced additive manufacturing (FRAM)-based components in several industries has become quite popular. Compared to conventional AM technologies, FRAM offered complementary solutions to their needs. In general, fibers have been traditionally used in many manufacturing processes for various reasons. However, using conventional methods, there are obstacles in obtaining the desired complex geometries and low setup costs. AM offers possible avoidance of these limitations. Shape complexity, infill density, and manufacturing lead times are no longer barriers. Bridging AM with fiber reinforced materials offers a vast opportunity for lightweight and strong parts. Depending on the affinity, fibers with different structures can be mixed with different matrix materials and, thus, create stronger parts with improved mechanical properties. Process parameters like raster angle, infill speed, layer thickness, and nozzle temperature also strongly impact physical properties of FRAM products and are considered carefully. FRAM-based components are used in many industries such as aerospace, motorsports, and biomedicine, where the weight, strength, and complexity of parts are critical. Hence, numerous industrial companies and research facilities are investigating the implementation and adaptation of FRAM to their requirements. Studies are generally conducted on new materials, new FRAM technologies, the effect of fiber orientations and fraction on the performance of parts, improving the printing parameters, and other subjects. This study reports the current trends and challenges that FRAM is bringing to AM ecosystem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Feldman D (2008) Polymer history. Des Monomers Polym 11–1:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  2. Szabo TL (2005) Introduction to plastics. In: Plastics, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  3. Roff WJ, Scott JR (1971) Polyvinyl formal, acetal and butyral. In: Fibres, films, plastics and rubbers. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 82–86

    Google Scholar 

  4. Thiry MC (2004) The customer is king!: quality, performance, and the challenge of keeping the consumer happy. AATCC Rev 4(3):35–38

    Google Scholar 

  5. Palucka T, Bensaude-Vincent B (2002) Composites: overview. Hist. Recent Sci. Technol. жовтня. Available: https://authors.library.caltech.edu/5456/1/hrst.mit.edu/hrs/materials/public/composites/Composites_Overview.htm. Accessed 06 Jan 2019

  6. Mallick P (2007) Fiber-reinforced composites, vol 20072757, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  7. Donachie MJ, Zweben C (2005) Mechanical engineers’ handbook, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  8. Conner B et al (2014) Making sense of 3-D printing: creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services. Addit. Manuf. 1:64–76

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kruth JP, Mercelis P, Van Vaerenbergh J, Froyen L, Rombouts M (2005) Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 11(1):26–36

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ahn SH, Montero M, Odell D, Roundy S, Wright PK (2002) Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyp J 8(4):248–257

    Google Scholar 

  11. Melchels FPW, Feijen J, Grijpma DW (2010) A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 31(24):6121–6130

    Google Scholar 

  12. Klosterman D, Chartoff R, Graves G, Osborne N, Priore B (1998) Interfacial characteristics of composites fabricated by laminated object manufacturing. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 29(9–10):1165–1174

    Google Scholar 

  13. Masood SH, Song WQ (2005) Thermal characteristics of a new metal/polymer material for FDM rapid prototyping process. Assem Autom 25(4):309–315

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brooks H, Molony S (2016) Design and evaluation of additively manufactured parts with three dimensional continuous fibre reinforcement. Mater Des 90:276–283

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bandyopadhyay SK, Ghose PK, Bose SK, Mukhopadhyay U (1987) The thermal resistance of jute and jute-blend fabrics. J Text Inst 78(4):255–260

    Google Scholar 

  16. Powell T, Panigrahi S, Ward J, Tabil LG, Crerar WJ, Sokansanj S (2002) Engineering properties of flax fiber and flax fiber-reinforced thermoplastic in rotational molding, in 2002 ASAE/CSAE North-Central Intersectional Meeting, 2002 © ASAE. J Mater:1–7. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.452.2872&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  17. Farah S, Anderson DG, Langer R (2016) Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications—a comprehensive review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:367–392

    Google Scholar 

  18. DuPont, “KEVLAR ® ARAMID FIBER TECHNICAL GUIDE,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/products-and-services/fabrics-fibers-and-nonwovens/fibers/documents/Kevlar_Technical_Guide.pdf. Accessed 12 Oct 2018

  19. Cichocki FR, Thomason JL (2002) Thermoelastic anisotropy of a natural fiber. Compos Sci Technol 62(5):669–678

    Google Scholar 

  20. Thomason J, Yang L, Gentles F (2017) Characterisation of the anisotropic thermoelastic properties of natural fibres for composite reinforcement. Fibers 5(4):36

    Google Scholar 

  21. Unterweger C, Brüggemann O, Fürst C (Feb. 2014) Synthetic fibers and thermoplastic short-fiber-reinforced polymers: properties and characterization. Polym Compos 35(2):227–236

    Google Scholar 

  22. Markforged, “https://markforged.com/about,” (2017) [Online]. Available: https://markforged.com/about. Accessed 12 Oct 2018

  23. Ivey M, Melenka GW, Carey JP, Ayranci C (2017) Characterizing short-fiber-reinforced composites produced using additive manufacturing. Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci 0340:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ning F, Cong W, Qiu J, Wei J, Wang S (2015) Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modeling. Compos. Part B Eng. 80:369–378

    Google Scholar 

  25. “Mark Two | Markforged.” [Online]. Available: https://markforged.com/mark-two/. Accessed 29 Sep 2018

  26. “X7 | Markforged.” [Online]. Available: https://markforged.com/x7/. Accessed 29 Sep 2018]

  27. Gu D, Wang H, Zhang G (2014) Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of Ti-based nanocomposites: the role of nanopowder. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 45(1):464–476

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gu D, Wang H, Chang F, Dai D, Yuan P, Hagedorn YC, Meiners W (2014) Selective laser melting additive manufacturing of TiC/AlSi10Mg bulk-form nanocomposites with tailored microstructures and properties. Phys Procedia 56(C):108–116

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chalmers DW (1994) The potential for the use of composite materials in marine structures. Mar Struct 7:441–456

    Google Scholar 

  30. Pereira TF, Oliveira MF, Maia IA, Silva JVL, Costa MF, Thiré RMSM (2012) 3D printing of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) porous structures using selective laser sintering. Macromol Symp 319(1):64–73

    Google Scholar 

  31. Oliveira MF, Maia IA, Noritomi PY, Nargi GC, Silva JVL, Ferreira BMP, Duek EAR (2007) Building tissue engineering scaffolds utilizing rapid prototyping. Matéria (Rio Janeiro) 12(2):373–382

    Google Scholar 

  32. Campo EA (2006) The complete part design handbook: for injection molding of thermoplastics. Munich, Carl Hanser Verlag, pp 1–114

  33. Boparai K, Singh R, Singh H (2015) Comparison of tribological behaviour for Nylon6-Al-Al2O3 and ABS parts fabricated by fused deposition modelling: this paper reports a low cost composite material that is more wear-resistant than conventional ABS. Virtual Phys Prototyp 10(2):59–66

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mori KI, Maeno T, Nakagawa Y (2014) Dieless forming of carbon fibre reinforced plastic parts using 3D printer. Procedia Eng 81(October):1595–1600

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ajinjeru C, Kishore V, Liu P, Lindahl J, Hassen AA, Kunc V, Post B, Love L, Duty C (2018) Determination of melt processing conditions for high performance amorphous thermoplastics for large format additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf 21:125–132

    Google Scholar 

  36. Masood SH, Song WQ (2004) Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tooling using fused deposition modelling. Mater Des 25(7):587–594

    Google Scholar 

  37. Nugroho P, Mitomo H, Yoshii F, Kume T (2001) Degradation of poly(L-lactic acid) by γ-irradiation. Polym Degrad Stab 72(2):337–343

    Google Scholar 

  38. Urayama H, Kanamori T, Fukushima K, Kimura Y (2003) Controlled crystal nucleation in the melt-crystallization of poly(L-lactide) and poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) stereocomplex. Polymer (Guildf) 44(19):5635–5641

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tsuji H, Ikada Y (1995) Properties and morphologies of poly(L-lactide): 1. Annealing condition effects on properties and morphologies of poly(L-lactide). Polymer (Guildf). 36(14):2709–2716

    Google Scholar 

  40. Urayama H, Ma C, Kimura Y (2003) Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(L-lactide) incorporating various inorganic fillers with particle and whisker shapes. Macromol Mater Eng 288(7):562–568

    Google Scholar 

  41. Trimaille T, Pichot C, Elaïssari A, Fessi H, Briançon S, Delair T (2003) Poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticle preparation and colloidal characterization. Colloid Polym Sci 281(12):1184–1190

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hu X, Xu HS, Li ZM (2007) Morphology and properties of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) filled with hollow glass beads. Macromol Mater Eng 292(5):646–654

    Google Scholar 

  43. Di Y, Iannace S, Di Maio E, Nicolais L (2005) Reactively modified poly (lactic acid): properties and foam processing. Macromol Mater Eng 290(11):1083–1090

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lam CXF, Olkowski R, Swieszkowski W, Tan KC, Gibson I, Hutmacher DW (2009) Composite PLDLLA/TCP scaffolds for bone engineering: mechanical and in vitro evaluations. IFMBE Proc 23(November 2014):1480–1483

    Google Scholar 

  45. Bose S, Vahabzadeh S, Bandyopadhyay A (2013) Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today 16(12):496–504

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nelson JC, Xue S, Barlow JW, Beaman JJ, Marcus HL, Bourell DL (1993) Model of the selective laser sintering of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. Ind Eng Chem Res 32(10):2305–2317

    Google Scholar 

  47. Berzins M, Childs THC, Ryder GR (1996) The selective laser sintering of polycarbonate. CIRP Ann - Manuf Technol 45(2):187–190

    Google Scholar 

  48. Heller C, Schwentenwein M, Russmueller G, Varga F, Stampfl J, Liska R (Dec. 2009) Vinyl esters: low cytotoxicity monomers for the fabrication of biocompatible 3D scaffolds by lithography based additive manufacturing. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 47(24):6941–6954

    Google Scholar 

  49. Minus ML, Kumar S (2005) The processing, properties, and structure of carbon fibers. J Miner Met Mater Soc 57:52–58

    Google Scholar 

  50. Chand S (2000) Carbon fibers for composites. J Mater Sci 35(6):1303–1313

    Google Scholar 

  51. Liao G, Li Z, Cheng Y, Xu D, Zhu D, Jiang S, Guo J, Chen X, Xu G, Zhu Y (2018) Properties of oriented carbon fiber/polyamide 12 composite parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling. Mater Des 139:283–292

    Google Scholar 

  52. Zhong W, Li F, Zhang Z, Song L, Li Z (2001) Short fiber reinforced composites for fused deposition modeling. Mater Sci Eng A301 301:125–130

    Google Scholar 

  53. Love LJ, Kunc V, Rios O, Duty CE, Elliott AM, Post BK, Smith RJ, Blue CA (Sep. 2014) The importance of carbon fiber to polymer additive manufacturing. J Mater Res 29(17):1893–1898

    Google Scholar 

  54. Caminero MA, Chacón JM, García-Moreno I, Reverte JM (2018) Interlaminar bonding performance of 3D printed continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modelling. Polym Test 68:415–423

    Google Scholar 

  55. Parandoush P, Tucker L, Zhou C, Lin D (2017) Laser assisted additive manufacturing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Mater Des 131:186–195

    Google Scholar 

  56. Chung H, Das S (2006) Processing and properties of glass bead particulate-filled functionally graded Nylon-11 composites produced by selective laser sintering. Mater Sci Eng A 437(2):226–234

    Google Scholar 

  57. Invernizzi M, Natale G, Levi M, Turri S, Griffini G (2016) UV-assisted 3D printing of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced dual-cure polymer composites. Materials (Basel) 9(7):583

    Google Scholar 

  58. Goh GD, Dikshit V, Nagalingam AP, Goh GL, Agarwala S, Sing SL, Wei J, Yeong WY (2018) Characterization of mechanical properties and fracture mode of additively manufactured carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics. Mater Des 137:79–89

    Google Scholar 

  59. Oliveira MF, Maia IA, Noritomi PY, Nargi GC, Silva JVL, Ferreira BMP, Duek EAR (2007) Construção de Scaffolds para engenharia tecidual utilizando prototipagem rápida. Matéria (Rio Janeiro) 12(2):373–382

    Google Scholar 

  60. Matsuzaki R, Ueda M, Namiki M, Jeong TK, Asahara H, Horiguchi K, Nakamura T, Todoroki A, Hirano Y (Sep. 2016) Three-dimensional printing of continuous-fiber composites by in-nozzle impregnation. Sci Rep 6(1):23058

    Google Scholar 

  61. Chen X, Guo Q, Mi Y (Sep. 1998) Bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: a study of the mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 69(10):1891–1899

    Google Scholar 

  62. Singh R, Singh S, Fraternali F (2016) Development of in-house composite wire based feed stock filaments of fused deposition modelling for wear-resistant materials and structures. Compos Part B Eng 98:244–249

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kenzari S, Bonina D, Dubois JM, Fournée V (2012) Quasicrystal-polymer composites for selective laser sintering technology. Mater Des 35:691–695

    Google Scholar 

  64. Falck R, Goushegir SM, dos Santos JF, Amancio-Filho ST (2018) AddJoining: a novel additive manufacturing approach for layered metal-polymer hybrid structures. Mater Lett 217:211–214

    Google Scholar 

  65. Ivanova O, Williams C, Campbell T (2013) Additive manufacturing (AM) and nanotechnology: promises and challenges. Rapid Prototyp J 19(5):353–364

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zheng H, Zhang J, Lu S, Wang G, Xu Z (2006) Effect of core-shell composite particles on the sintering behavior and properties of nano-Al2O3/polystyrene composite prepared by SLS. Mater Lett 60(9–10):1219–1223

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kim H, Fernando T, Li M, Lin Y, Tseng T-LB (Jan. 2018) Fabrication and characterization of 3D printed BaTiO 3 /PVDF nanocomposites. J Compos Mater 52(2):197–206

    Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang W, Wu AS, Sun J, Quan Z, Gu B, Sun B, Cotton C, Heider D, Chou TW (2017) Characterization of residual stress and deformation in additively manufactured ABS polymer and composite specimens. Compos Sci Technol 150:102–110

    Google Scholar 

  69. Matsuzaki R, Nakamura T, Sugiyama K, Ueda M, Todoroki A, Hirano Y, Yamagata Y (2018) Effects of set curvature and fiber bundle size on the printed radius of curvature by a continuous carbon fiber composite 3D printer. Addit Manuf 24:93–102

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ning F, Cong W, Hu Y, Wang H (2017) Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites using fused deposition modeling: effects of process parameters on tensile properties. J Compos Mater 51(4):451–462

    Google Scholar 

  71. Tian X, Liu T, Yang C, Wang Q, Li D (2016) Interface and performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 88:198–205

    Google Scholar 

  72. Tekinalp HL, Kunc V, Velez-Garcia GM, Duty CE, Love LJ, Naskar AK, Blue CA, Ozcan S (2014) Highly oriented carbon fiber-polymer composites via additive manufacturing. Compos Sci Technol 105:144–150

    Google Scholar 

  73. Yamawaki M, Kouno Y (2018) Fabrication and mechanical characterization of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic using a preform by three-dimensional printing and via hot-press molding. Adv Compos Mater 27(2):209–219

    Google Scholar 

  74. Leong KF, Phua KKS, Chua CK, Du ZH, Teo KOM (2001) Fabrication of porous polymeric matrix drug delivery devices using the selective laser sintering technique. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H J Eng Med 215(2):191–192

    Google Scholar 

  75. Shofner ML, Lozano K, Rodríguez-Macías FJ, Barrera EV (2003) Nanofiber-reinforced polymers prepared by fused deposition modeling. J Appl Polym Sci 89(11):3081–3090

    Google Scholar 

  76. Papon EA, Haque A (2018) Tensile properties, void contents, dispersion and fracture behaviour of 3D printed carbon nanofiber reinforced composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 37(6):381–395

    Google Scholar 

  77. Eichenhofer M, Wong JCH, Ermanni P (2017) Continuous lattice fabrication of ultra-lightweight composite structures. Addit. Manuf. 18:48–57

    Google Scholar 

  78. Farina I, Fabbrocino F, Carpentieri G, Modano M, Amendola A, Goodall R, Feo L, Fraternali F (2016) On the reinforcement of cement mortars through 3D printed polymeric and metallic fibers. Compos Part B Eng 90:76–85

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hill N, Haghi M (2014) Deposition direction-dependent failure criteria for fused deposition modeling polycarbonate. Rapid Prototyp J 20(3):221–227

    Google Scholar 

  80. Agarwal K, Kuchipudi SK, Girard B, Houser M (Sep. 2018) Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced polymer composites: a comparative study of conventional and additive manufacturing methods. J Compos Mater 52(23):3173–3181

    Google Scholar 

  81. Yasa E, Ersoy K (2018) Additive manufacturing of polymer matrix composites. In: Aircraft technology. InTech, Rijeka, pp 147–169

    Google Scholar 

  82. Van Der Klift F, Koga Y, Todoroki A, Ueda M, Hirano Y, Matsuzaki R (2016) 3D printing of continuous carbon fibre reinforced thermo-plastic (CFRTP) tensile test specimens. Open J Compos Mater 06(01):18–27

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sugiyama K, Matsuzaki R, Ueda M, Todoroki A, Hirano Y (2018) 3D printing of composite sandwich structures using continuous carbon fiber and fiber tension. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 113:114–121

  84. Justo J, Távara L, García-Guzmán L, París F (2018) Characterization of 3D printed long fibre reinforced composites. Compos Struct 185:537–548

    Google Scholar 

  85. Dhariwala B, Hunt E, Boland T (Sep. 2004) Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography. Tissue Eng 10(9–10):1316–1322

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dickson AN, Barry JN, McDonnell KA, Dowling DP (2017) Fabrication of continuous carbon, glass and Kevlar fibre reinforced polymer composites using additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf 16:146–152

    Google Scholar 

  87. Melenka GW, Cheung BKO, Schofield JS, Dawson MR, Carey JP (Oct. 2016) Evaluation and prediction of the tensile properties of continuous fiber-reinforced 3D printed structures. Compos Struct 153:866–875

    Google Scholar 

  88. Li N, Li Y, Liu S (2016) Rapid prototyping of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites by 3D printing. J Mater Process Technol 238:218–225

    Google Scholar 

  89. Chen Y, Ortiz Rios C, Imeri A, Russell N, Fidan I (2019) Investigation of the tensile properties in fiber-reinforced additivemanufacturing and fused filament fabrication. Int J Rapid Manuf, no. Special Issue on 21st Century Manufacturing (in press)

  90. Imeri A (2017) Investigation of the mechanical properties for fiber reinforced additively manufactured components, M.S. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN

  91. Alwabel AS (2017) Effect of fused filament fabrication process parameters on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB United States

    Google Scholar 

  92. Li L, Sun Q, Bellehumeur C, Gu P (Jan. 2002) Composite modeling and analysis for fabrication of FDM prototypes with locally controlled properties. J Manuf Process 4(2):129–141

    Google Scholar 

  93. Stephens R, Fatemi A, Stephens R, Fuchs H (2000) Metal fatigue in engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  94. Kuchipudi SC (2017) The effects of fiber orientation and volume fraction of fiber on mechanical properties of additively manufactured composite material. Minnesota State University, Mankato

    Google Scholar 

  95. Imeri A, Fidan I, Allen M, Perry G (2018) Effect of fiber orientation in fatigue properties of FRAM components. Procedia Manuf 26:892–899

    Google Scholar 

  96. Imeri A, Fidan I, Allen M, Wilson DA, Canfield S (Oct. 2018) Fatigue analysis of the fiber reinforced additively manufactured objects. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 98(9–12):2717–2724

    Google Scholar 

  97. Mohammadizadeh M, Fidan I, Allen M, Imeri A (Aug. 2018) Creep behavior analysis of additively manufactured fiber-reinforced components. Int J Adv Manuf Technol:1–10

  98. Papon EA, Haque A (2018) Fracture toughness of additively manufactured carbon fiber reinforced composites. Addit Manuf 26:41–52

  99. Young D, Wetmore N, Czabaj M (2018) Interlayer fracture toughness of additively manufactured unreinforced and carbon-fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Addit Manuf 22(November 2017):508–515

    Google Scholar 

  100. Andreassen E, Clausen A, Schevenels M, Lazarov BS, Sigmund O (Jan. 2011) Efficient topology optimization in MATLAB using 88 lines of code. Struct Multidiscip Optim 43(1):1–16

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  101. Gao W, Zhang Y, Ramanujan D, Ramani K, Chen Y, Williams CB, Wang CCL, Shin YC, Zhang S, Zavattieri PD (Dec. 2015) The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering. Comput Des 69:65–89

    Google Scholar 

  102. Kwok T-H, Li Y, Chen Y (Nov. 2016) A structural topology design method based on principal stress line. Comput Des 80:19–31

    Google Scholar 

  103. Zegard T, Paulino GH (Jan. 2016) Bridging topology optimization and additive manufacturing. Struct Multidiscip Optim 53(1):175–192

    Google Scholar 

  104. Wu J, Aage N, Westermann R, Sigmund O (Feb. 2018) Infill optimization for additive manufacturing—approaching bone-like porous structures. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 24(2):1127–1140

    Google Scholar 

  105. L. G. Bahamonde et al. (2018) “An analysis framework for topology optimization of 3D printed reinforced composites,” in 2018 AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference

  106. Hoglund R, Smith DE (2016) Continuous fiber angle topology optimization for polymer composite fused filament fabrication. In: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, pp 1078–1090

    Google Scholar 

  107. Michalski RS, Carbonell JG, Mitchell TM (2013) Machine learning: an artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  108. Ryszard Michalski S, Carbonell Jamie G, Tom Mitchell M (1983) Machine learning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  109. Gu GX, Chen C-T, Richmond DJ, Buehler MJ (2018) Bioinspired hierarchical composite design using machine learning: simulation, additive manufacturing, and experiment. Mater Horizons 5(5):939–945

    Google Scholar 

  110. “AREVO unveils first 3D-printed carbon-fiber ebike—Arevo,” (2018) [Online]. Available: https://arevo.com/news_item/arevo-unveils-first-3d-printed-carbon-fiber-ebike/. Accessed 24 Sep 2018

  111. Rodriguez J, Lewicki J (2017) A new composite-manufacturing approach takes shape. [Online]. Available: https://str.llnl.gov/june-2017/lewicki/. Accessed 05 Jan 2019

  112. “Luxury car maker PSA group puts 3D printing to use for car chassis | 3DPrint.com | The voice of 3D printing / additive manufacturing,” (2015) [Online]. Available: https://3dprint.com/159574/peugeot-3d-printing-chassis/. Accessed 27 Sep 2018

  113. Wohlers T, Campbell I, Diegel O, Kowen J, Fidan I, Bourell DL (2018) Wohlers Report 2018. Wohlers Associates Inc, Fort Collins

    Google Scholar 

  114. “3D printing applications | Markforged.” [Online]. Available: https://markforged.com/applications/. Accessed 12 Oct 2018

  115. Soediono B (1989) Summary for policymakers. In: Climate change 2013—the physical science basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hofstätter T, Pedersen DB, Tosello G, Hansen HN (2017) State-of-the-art of fiber-reinforced polymers in additive manufacturing technologies. J Reinf Plast Compos 36(15):1061–1073

    Google Scholar 

  117. “LEAP engines—CFM International Jet Engines CFM International,” 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/engines/leap/. Accessed 27 Sep 2018

  118. “Additive manufacturing—the future of manufacturing—The Global Manufacturing & Industrialisation Summit.” [Online]. Available: https://gmisummit.com/gmis-media/news/additive-manufacturing-the-future-of-manufacturing/. Accessed 27 Sep 2018

  119. Imeri A, Russell N, Rust JR, Sahin S, Fidan I, Jack H (2017) “3D printing as an alternative to fabricate the motor sports parts,” 124th ASEE Annu. Conf. Expo

  120. Hofstätter T, Pedersen DB, Tosello G, Hansen HN (2017) Challenges and opportunities of fibrereinforced polymers in additive manufacturing with focus on industrial applications,” Proceedings of the Joint Special Interest Group meeting between euspen and ASPE: dimensional accuracy and surface finish in additive manufacturing. The european society for precision engineering and nanotechnology, euspen and ASPE special interest group meeting: additive Manufacturing, Leuven, Belgium,, no. October, pp. 3–6,

  121. Hofstätter T, Pedersen DB, Tosello G, Hansen HN (2017) Applications of fiber-reinforced polymers in additive manufacturing. Procedia CIRP 66:312–316

    Google Scholar 

  122. Fidan I (2018) Academic activities and capabilities. In: Wohlers Report, pp 287–303

    Google Scholar 

  123. Talagani MR, Dormohammadi S, Dutton R, Godines C, Baid H, Abdi F (2015) Numerical simulation of big area additive manufacturing (3D printing) of a full size car. SAMPE J 51(4):27–36

  124. Curran S et al. (2016) “Big area additive manufacturing and hardware-in-the-loop for rapid vehicle powertrain prototyping: a case study on the development of a 3-D-printed shelby cobra,” in SAE Technical paper

  125. “3D printing takes-off” (2016) [Online]. Available: https://www.aerosociety.com/news/3d-printing-takes-off/. Accessed 25 Sep 2018

  126. Mulholland T, Goris S, Boxleitner J, Osswald T, Rudolph N (2018) Process-induced fiber orientation in fused filament fabrication. J Compos Sci 2(3):45

    Google Scholar 

  127. “Additive manufacturing industry got interested in fiber reinforced composites,” (2017) [Online]. Available: http://basalt.today/2017/07/11611/. Accessed 25 Sep 2018

  128. Eichenhofer M, Maldonado JI, Klunker F, Ermanni P (2015) “Analysis of processing conditions for a novel 3D-composite production technique,” 20th Int Conf Compos Mater, Copenhagen, pp 3401–1

Download references

Acknowledgements

The editing and source contributions made available by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Olivia Shafer are appreciated by the project team.

Funding

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Advanced Manufacturing, under contract number DE-AC05-00OR22725. Dr. Fidan and Dr. Elliott would like to acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant No. ATE-1601587.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Manufacturing & Engineering Technology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA

    Ismail Fidan

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering & Center for Manufacturing Research, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA

    Astrit Imeri, Ankit Gupta, Seymur Hasanov & Aslan Nasirov

  3. Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN, 37932, USA

    Amy Elliott

  4. School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, QLD, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia

    Frank Alifui-Segbaya

  5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan

    Norimichi Nanami

Authors
  1. Ismail Fidan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Astrit Imeri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ankit Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Seymur Hasanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Aslan Nasirov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Amy Elliott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Frank Alifui-Segbaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Norimichi Nanami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ismail Fidan.

Additional information

This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fidan, I., Imeri, A., Gupta, A. et al. The trends and challenges of fiber reinforced additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102, 1801–1818 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-03269-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-03269-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation