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Heat treatment effects on Inconel 625 components fabricated by wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)—part 1: microstructural characterization

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Abstract

Wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a versatile, low-cost, energy-efficient technology used in metal additive manufacturing. This WAAM process uses arc welding to melt a wire and form a three-dimensional (3D) object using a layer-by-layer stacking mechanism. In the present study, a Ni-based superalloy wire, i.e., Inconel 625, is melted and deposited additively through a cold metal transfer (CMT)-based WAAM process. The deposited specimens were heat-treated at 980 °C (the recommended temperature for stress-relief annealing) for 30, 60, and 120 min and then water quenched to investigate the effect of heat treatment on microstructure and phase transformation and to identify the optimum heat treatment condition. Microstructural results show that the heat treatment, in general, eliminates the brittle Laves phases regardless of the time without changing the grain morphology. However, an increment in the amount of the delta phase is observed with the longer heat treatment periods. Additionally, the size of MC (metal carbide) of Nb is also observed to increase with heat treatment time. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the correlation between heat treatment time and microstructure in additively manufactured Inconel 625, which can facilitate determining the optimum heat treatment condition in a later study.

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Acknowledgments

The authors of this paper appreciate the continuous support provided by the Center for Manufacturing Research (CMR), Mr. Kevin Goodwin, and Mr. Taylor Ross from the Manufacturing Engineering Technology Department of Tennessee Technological University. This study has been conducted with the support of the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as “Development of metal 3D printing material and process optimization technology for medium and large-sized transportation parts mold manufacture project (KITECH JE190009)”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA

    A. N. M. Tanvir & Md. R. U. Ahsan

  2. Advanced Forming Process R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea, 44413

    Changwook Ji

  3. Center for Manufacturing Research, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA

    Wayne Hawkins & Brian Bates

  4. Department of Manufacturing and Engineering Technology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA

    Duck Bong Kim

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Tanvir, A.N.M., Ahsan, M.R.U., Ji, C. et al. Heat treatment effects on Inconel 625 components fabricated by wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)—part 1: microstructural characterization. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 103, 3785–3798 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03828-6

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