Abstract
The availability of customer data has been enhanced in the digital economy, which can be used to measure the performance of marketing activities. Accounting techniques using customer data are collectively called customer accounting (CA). To seek the interface between management accounting and marketing, this study first discusses the three accounting weaknesses (the lack of revenue milepost information, revenue sustainability measurements, and intangibles capitalization) and relate them to marketing concepts (customer journey, customer acquisition and retention, and customer assets). Next, this study reviews literature on CA. Revenue accounting (RA), which focuses on revenue in an accounting period, and aims at the planning and control of marketing. Customer profitability analysis (CPA) has developed in the stream of strategic management accounting. The central focus of CPA is the allocation of selling, general and administrative expenses to individual customers through activity-based costing. Customer lifetime value and customer equity (CLV and CE) focus on the present value of cash flow from customer acquisition and retention. While RA and CPA respectively focus on revenues and costs in an accounting period, CLV and CE take cash flows in all future periods into consideration. Finally, links of each CA tool to the three marketing concepts are discussed to seek further development of CA.
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Notes
Although the proponents discuss RA in terms of both financial and management accounting, the following discussion focuses only on issues regarding management accounting.
Glover and Ijiri (2002) name their other candidate for their new accounting concept as customer accounting (p. 67). This name can capture a wider range of marketing activities, because it includes nonfinancial customer data. Glover and Ijiri, however, adopt the name of revenue accounting because they want to highlight the financial nature of their proposed accounting.
B-10. Although it is slightly beyond the scope of this study, resource allocation between customers or customer prioritization are also debated in marketing literatures as customer profitability and/or CLV are different among customers due to their heterogeneity. Homburg et al. (2008) show that offering differentiated marketing programs to top-tier customers (customer prioritization) improves customer profitability. Ryals (2005) and Balboni and Terho (2016) conducted case studies of customer strategies including customer divestment. Marketing programs for customer divestment, however, entail a risk of revenge from angry customers over the long-term (e.g., Haenel et al. 2019; Wagner et al. 2009).
Ijiri and Lin (2006) illustrate that a Markov chain model in RA can also be used to analyze an agency problem that a manager’s decision making aimed at the maximization of short-term profitability does not always lead to the best long-term profitability.
Although the proponents of RA do not explain clearly why they make this assumption, it is convincing. Ijiri (1999), for example, analyzes Amazon.com that spends most of its capital outlay in customer acquisition that results in losses.
Strategic cost management is another term used mainly in United States (e.g., Shank and Govindarajan 1993), but this study adopts strategic management accounting as a comprehensive term to explicitly incorporate RA.
Guilding et al. (2001) is an exception, because they show an illustrative case of customer revenues from multiple departments in the hotel industry.
Customer asset stock and flow statements are called CE stock and flow statements in the study of Wiesel et al. (2008) because they use the term CE as the total CLV of current customers.
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This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant number JP17K13825.
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Matsuoka, K. Exploring the interface between management accounting and marketing: a literature review of customer accounting. J Manag Control 31, 157–208 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00187-020-00299-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00187-020-00299-9
Keywords
- Customer accounting
- Customer equity
- Customer lifetime value
- Customer profitability analysis
- Revenue accounting