Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Fuel cell and ultracapacitor energy system control using linear quadratic regulator proportional integral controller

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Electrical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Application of fuel cell (FC) in power generation requires efficient power converters and controllers for hybridization of energy storage devices. This paper presents the control technique in a fuel cell and ultracapacitor hybrid system to eliminate the slow dynamic problem of FC. The control technique involves a linear quadratic regulator and proportional integral (LQR–PI) controller, where the FC boost converter and the UC bidirectional converter are controlled using a double-loop PI controller and a voltage-mode LQR controller, respectively. The simulation with different types of load was performed to compare the performance of the proposed controller with both PI and LQR controllers. The results revealed that the LQR–PI controller had better overshoot and undershoot responses (7.37% and 6.43%, respectively) than the proportional integral controller (11.47% and 11.42%, respectively) and linear quadratic regulator (23.87% and 21.5%, respectively). The energy sharing performance was verified through variation in load resistance and disturbances in bus voltage. The voltage recovery time of LQR–PI controller was slightly higher (200 ms) than that of the LQR controller (23.8 ms) and, however, lower than that of the PI controller (300 ms). The results revealed that the proposed controller is efficient for load voltage as well as load current fluctuations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tie SF, Tan CW (2013) A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 20:82–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Godfrey B (1996) Renewable energy: power for a sustainable future. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  3. Das HS et al (2016) Proposition of a PV/tidal powered micro-hydro and diesel hybrid system: a southern Bangladesh focus. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53:1137–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoogers G (2002) Fuel cell technology handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Das HS, Tan CW, Yatim A (2017) Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: a review on power conditioning units and topologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 76:268–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Das HS et al (2017) Feasibility analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system for an indigenous residence in East Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 76:1332–1347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Das HS et al (2016) Modeling and simulation of stand-alone fuel cell system for distributed generation application. In: 3rd International conference on electrical engineering and information communication technology (ICEEICT). IEEE

  8. Das HS et al (2017) Proton exchange membrane fuel cell emulator using PI controlled buck converter. Int J Power Electr Drive Syst (IJPEDS) 8(1):462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mekhilef S, Saidur R, Safari A (2012) Comparative study of different fuel cell technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(1):981–989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bensmail S, Rekioua D, Azzi H (2015) Study of hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell system for stand-alone applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy 40(39):13820–13826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bizon N (2014) Load-following mode control of a standalone renewable/fuel cell hybrid power source. Energy Convers Manag 77:763–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Madaci B et al (2016) Design and control of a stand-alone hybrid power system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 41(29):12485–12496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Allaoua B, Asnoune K, Mebarki B (2017) Energy management of PEM fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid power sources for an electric vehicle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42:21158–21166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Aouzellag H, Ghedamsi K, Aouzellag D (2015) Energy management and fault tolerant control strategies for fuel cell/ultra-capacitor hybrid electric vehicles to enhance autonomy, efficiency and life time of the fuel cell system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 40(22):7204–7213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Boynuegri AR (2017) A power management unit with a polarity changing inverter for fuel cell/ultra-capacitor hybrid power systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 42:26924–26932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hwang J-J, Chen Y-J, Kuo J-K (2012) The study on the power management system in a fuel cell hybrid vehicle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37(5):4476–4489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Paladini V et al (2007) Super-capacitors fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle optimization and control strategy development. Energy Convers Manag 48(11):3001–3008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Latha K et al (2015) A novel reconfigurable hybrid system for fuel cell system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 40(43):14963–14977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wu B et al (2014) Design and testing of a 95 k We proton exchange membrane fuel cell–supercapacitor passive hybrid system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 39(15):7885–7896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Fathabadi H (2015) Fuel cell/back-up battery hybrid energy conversion systems: dynamic modeling and harmonic considerations. Energy Convers Manag 103:573–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Payman A, Pierfederici S, Meibody-Tabar F (2008) Energy control of supercapacitor/fuel cell hybrid power source. Energy Convers Manag 49(6):1637–1644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Azib T et al (2010) An innovative control strategy of a single converter for hybrid fuel cell/supercapacitor power source. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 57(12):4024–4031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tazelaar E et al (2013) Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles; an Overview. In: Electric vehicle symposium and exhibition (EVS27), 2013 world. IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, pp 1–12

  24. Mascarenhas E (1992) Hysteresis control of a continuous boost regulator. In: IEE colloquium on static power conversion. IET

  25. Sutanto D, Snider L, Mok K (2000) Hysteresis control over UPFC. In: APSCOM 2000 5th International conference on advances in power system control, operation and management. Hong Kong, China, pp 376–379

  26. Bizon N (2013) FC energy harvesting using the MPP tracking based on advanced extremum seeking control. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38(4):1952–1966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mattavelli P et al (1993) General-purpose sliding-mode controller for DC/DC converter applications. In: 24th annual IEEE power electronics specialists conference PESC’93 record. IEEE

  28. Francis BA, Wonham WM (1975) The internal model principle for linear multivariable regulators. Appl Math Optim 2(2):170–194

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Steinbuch M (2002) Repetitive control for systems with uncertain period-time. Automatica 38(12):2103–2109

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Wu T-F et al (1999) Photovoltaic inverter systems with self-tuning fuzzy control based on an experimental planning method. In: 34th IAS annual meeting conference record of the industry applications conference, 1999

  31. Raviraj V, Sen PC (1997) Comparative study of proportional-integral, sliding mode, and fuzzy logic controllers for power converters. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 33(2):518–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lin W-M, Hong C-M, Chen C-H (2011) Neural-network-based MPPT control of a stand-alone hybrid power generation system. IEEE Trans Power Electron 26(12):3571–3581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lin B-R, Hoft RG (1993) Power electronics converter control based on neural network and fuzzy logic methods. In Power electronics specialists conference 1993. 24th annual IEEE PESC’93 Record. IEEE

  34. Ang KH, Chong G, Li Y (2005) PID control system analysis, design, and technology. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 13(4):559–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Jaen C et al (2006) A linear-quadratic regulator with integral action applied to pwm dc-dc converters. In: 32nd Annual conference on IEEE industrial electronics, IECON 2006. IEEE

  36. Sun X et al (1999) Design and implementation of a neural-network-controlled UPS inverter. In: IECON’99 Proceedings of the 25th annual conference of the industrial electronics society, 1999. IEEE

  37. Moreno J, Ortúzar ME, Dixon JW (2006) Energy-management system for a hybrid electric vehicle, using ultracapacitors and neural networks. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 53(2):614–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bhatikar SR et al (2000) Artificial neural network based energy storage system modeling for hybrid electric vehicles. 2000, SAE Technical Paper

  39. Hajizadeh A, Golkar MA (2009) Fuzzy neural control of a hybrid fuel cell/battery distributed power generation system. IET Renew Power Gener 3(4):402–414

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  40. Abdullah MA (2015) Control of energy conversion in a hybrid wind and ultracapacitor energy system. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

  41. Kisacikoglu M, Uzunoglu M, Alam M (2009) Load sharing using fuzzy logic control in a fuel cell/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34(3):1497–1507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee C-H, Yang J-T (2011) Modeling of the Ballard-Mark-V proton exchange membrane fuel cell with power converters for applications in autonomous underwater vehicles. J Power Sources 196(8):3810–3823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Handbook FC (ed) (2000) EG&G Services Parsons, Inc. Science Applications International Corporation Under Contract No. 2000, DE-AM26-99FT40575 US Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA

  44. Chen H-C, Tzeng S-Y, Chen P-H (2010) Optimization design of PID controllers for PEMFC with reformer using genetic algorithm. In: International conference on machine learning and cybernetics (ICMLC). IEEE

  45. Xiao Y, Agbossou K (2009) Interface design and software development for PEM fuel cell modeling based on Matlab/Simulink environment. In: WRI world congress on software engineering, WCSE’09. IEEE

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to pay gratitude to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and The University of Alabama for supporting with laboratory and library facilities. In addition, the authors would like to express their appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE) and the Graduate Council of the University of Alabama and to those colleagues who have contributed to the completion of this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35401, USA

    Himadry Shekhar Das & Shuhui Li

  2. Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor, Malaysia

    Chee Wei Tan & A. H. M. Yatim

Authors
  1. Himadry Shekhar Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chee Wei Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. H. M. Yatim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shuhui Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Himadry Shekhar Das.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Das, H.S., Tan, C.W., Yatim, A.H.M. et al. Fuel cell and ultracapacitor energy system control using linear quadratic regulator proportional integral controller. Electr Eng 101, 559–573 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00804-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00804-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation