Abstract
A fundamental metabolic feature of cancerous tissues is high glucose consumption. The rate of glucose consumption in a cancer cell can be 10–15 times higher than in normal cells. Isolation and cultivation of tumor cells in vitro highlight properties that are associated with intensive glucose utilization, the presence of minimal oxidative metabolism, an increase in lactate concentrations in the culture medium and a reduced rate of oxygen consumption. Although glycolysis is suggested as a general feature of malignant cells and recently identified as a possible contributing factor to tumor progression, several studies highlight distinct metabolic characteristics in some tumors, including a relative decrease in avidity compared to glucose and/or a glutamine dependency of lactate and even proliferative tumor cells. The aim of this review is to determine the particularities in the energy metabolism of cancer cells, focusing on the main nutritional substrates, such as glucose and glutamine, evaluating lactate dehydrogenase as a potential marker of malignancy and estimating activators and inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Abbreviations
- ACC:
-
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ACO2:
-
Aconitase
- αKG:
-
α-Ketoglutarate
- α-KGDH :
-
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- CPT1:
-
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- CiC:
-
Mitochondrial citrate carrier
- CoA:
-
Acetyl coenzyme A
- COX:
-
Cytochrome c oxidase
- DC:
-
Dendritic cell
- FADH2:
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide reduced form
- HIF-1α:
-
Inducible factor of hypoxia alpha
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GTP:
-
Guanosine triphosphate
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- Nrf2:
-
NNuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- TCA:
-
Tricarboxylic acid
- TCAI:
-
Tricarboxylic acid intermediate
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Gasmi, A., Peana, M., Arshad, M. et al. Krebs cycle: activators, inhibitors and their roles in the modulation of carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 95, 1161–1178 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-02974-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-02974-9