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The Effect of pH on the Uptake and Toxicity of Copper and Zinc in a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp.)

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Abstract

Copper and zinc toxicity to the freshwater alga Chlorella sp. was determined at a range of pH values (5.5–8.0) in a synthetic softwater (hardness 40–48 mg CaCO3/L). The effects of the metals on algal growth (cell division) rate were determined after 48-h exposure at pH 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0. The toxicity of both metals was pH dependent. As pH decreased from 8.0 to 5.5, the copper concentration required to inhibit the algal growth rate by 50% (IC50) increased from 1.0 to 19 μg/L. For zinc, the IC50 increased from 52 to 2700 μg/L over the same pH range. Changes in solution speciation alone did not explain the increased toxicity observed as the pH increased. Modelled Cu2+ and Zn2+ concentrations decreased with increasing pH, whereas toxicity was observed to increase. Measurements of extracellular (cell-bound) metal concentrations support the biotic ligand model (BLM) theory of competition between protons (H+) and metals for binding sites at the algal cell surface. Higher extracellular metal concentrations were observed at high pH, indicating reduced competition. Independent of pH, both extracellular and intracellular copper were directly related to growth inhibition in Chlorella sp., whereas zinc toxicity was related to cell-bound zinc only. These findings suggest that the algal cell surface may be considered as the biotic ligand in further development of a chronic BLM with microalgae. Conditional binding constants (log K) were determined experimentally (using measured intracellular metal concentrations) and theoretically (using concentration-response curves) for copper and zinc for Chlorella sp. at selected pH values. Excellent agreement was found indicating the possibility of using concentration-response data to estimate conditional metal-cell binding constants.

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Acknowledgments

This research was partly funded by the Co-operative Research Centre for Waste Management and Pollution Control, under the Australian Co-operative Research Centre Program. The authors would like to thank Henri Wong and Robert Chisari (ANSTO) for chemical analyses and Leigh Hales (CSIRO) for valued assistance with GFAAS analyses. The technical assistance of Nicola Creighton, Merrin Adams and Monique Binet is gratefully acknowledged.

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Author notes

  1. Scott J. Markich

    Present address: Aquatic Solutions International, 5 Perry St, Dundas Valley, New South Wales, 2117, Australia

  2. Natasha M. Franklin

    Present address: Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada

  3. Paul L. Brown

    Present address: Rio Tinto, 1 Research Ave., Bondoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Nuclear Geophysiology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Private Mail Bag 1, Menai, New South Wales, 2234, Australia

    Karyn L. Wilde, Scott J. Markich & Paul L. Brown

  2. Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Energy Technology, Private Mail Bag 7, Bangor, New South Wales, 2234, Australia

    Jennifer L. Stauber & Natasha M. Franklin

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  1. Karyn L. Wilde
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Correspondence to Karyn L. Wilde.

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Wilde, K.L., Stauber, J.L., Markich, S.J. et al. The Effect of pH on the Uptake and Toxicity of Copper and Zinc in a Tropical Freshwater Alga (Chlorella sp.). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 51, 174–185 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0256-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0256-0

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