Abstract
Despite the increasing number of publications dealing with solid-state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) it is very difficult to draw general conclusion from the data presented. This is due to the lack of proper standardisation that would allow objective comparison with other processes. Research work has so far focused on the general applicability of SSF for the production of enzymes, metabolites and spores, in that many different solid substrates (agricultural waste) have been combined with many different fungi and the productivity of each fermentation reported. On a gram bench-scale SSF appears to be superior to submerged fermentation technology (SmF) in several aspects. However, SSF up-scaling, necessary for use on an industrial scale, raises severe engineering problems due to the build-up of temperature, pH, O2, substrate and moisture gradients. Hence, most published reviews also focus on progress towards industrial engineering. The role of the physiological and genetic properties of the microorganisms used during growth on solid substrates compared with aqueous solutions has so far been all but neglected, despite the fact that it may be the microbiology that makes SSF advantageous against the SmF biotechnology. This review will focus on research work allowing comparison of the specific biological particulars of enzyme, metabolite and/or spore production in SSF and in SmF. In these respects, SSF appears to possess several biotechnological advantages, though at present on a laboratory scale only, such as higher fermentation productivity, higher end-concentration of products, higher product stability, lower catabolic repression, cultivation of microorganisms specialized for water-insoluble substrates or mixed cultivation of various fungi, and last but not least, lower demand on sterility due to the low water activity used in SSF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acuna-Arguelles ME, Gutierrez-Rojas M, Viniegra-González G, Favela-Torres E (1995) Production and properties of three pectinolytic activities produced by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 43:808–814
Adams TT, Eiteman MA, Hanel BM (2002) Solid state fermentation of broiler litter for production of biocontrol agents. Bioresour Technol 82:33–41
Aguilar CN, Augur C, Favela-Torres E, Viniegra-González G (2001) Production of tannase by Aspergillus niger Aa-20 in submerged and solid-state fermentation: influence of glucose and tannic acid. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 26:296–302
Alberto AA de, Pastore GM, Berger RG (2002) Production of coconut aroma by fungi in solid-state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98–100:747–751
Arenskötter M, Baumeister D, Bröker D, Hölker U, Ibrahim EMA, Lenz J, Karsten K, Steinbüchel A (2003) Entwicklung eines biotechnologischen Verfahrens zur stofflichen Wiederverwertung kautschukhaltiger Rest- und Abfallstoffe. In: Heiden S, Erb R (eds) Transkript Sonderheft, Nachhaltige Biokatalyse. DBU, Osnabruck, pp 28–32
Ashokkumar B, Gunasekaran P (2002) β-Fructofuranosidase production by 2-deoxyglucose resistant mutants of Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Indian J Exp Biol 40:1032–1037
Ashokkumar B, Kayalvizhi N, Gunasekaran P (2001) Optimization of media for β-fructofuranosidase production by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state fermentation. Process Biochem 37:331–338
Asther M, Haon M, Roussos S, Record E, Delattre M, Lesage-Meessen L, Labat M, Asther M (2002) Feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger: a comparison of the production in solid state and submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 38:685–691
Babu KR, Satyanarayana T (1996) Production of bacterial enzymes by solid state fermentation. J Sci Ind Res 55:464–467
Bakri Y, Jacques P, Thonart P (2003) Xylanase production by Penicillium caescens 10–10c in solid-state fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 108:737–748
Balakrishnan K, Pandey A (1996) Production of biologically active secondary metabolites in solid state fermentation. J Sci Ind Res 55:365–372
Baldrian P, Gabriel J (2002) Variability of laccase activity in the white-rot basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus. Folia Microbiol 47:385–390
Barrios-Gonzalez J, Mejía A (1996) Production of secondary metabolites by solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Annu Rev 2:85–88
Barrios-Gonzalez J, Tomasini A (1996) Production of aflatoxines in solid state fermentation. J Sci Ind Res 55:424–430
Barrios-Gonzalez J, Castillo TE, Mejia A (1993) Development of high penicillin producing strains for solid state fermentation. Biotechnol Adv 11:525–537
Becerra M, Gonzalez Siso MI (1996) Yeast β-galactosidase in solid-state fermentations. Enz Microb Technol 19:39–44
Beg QK, Bhushan B, Kapoor M, Hoondal GS (2000) Enhanced production of a thermostable xylanase from Streptomyces sp. QG-11–3 and its application in biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:459–466
Benjamin S, Pandey A (1997) Coconut cake—a potent substrate for the production of Lipase by Candida rugosa in solid-state fermentation. Acta Biotechnol 17:241–251
Biesebeke R te, Ruijter G, Rahardjo YSP, Hoogschagen MJ, Heerikhuisen M, Levin A, van Driel KGA, Schutyser MAI, Dijksterhuis J, Zhu Y, Weber FJ, de Vos WM, van den Hondel KAMJJ, Rinzema A, Punt PJ (2002) Aspergillus oryzae in solid state fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2:245–248
Blandino A, Iqbalsyah T, Pandiella SS, Cantero D, Webb C (2002) Polygalacturonase production by Aspergillus awamori on wheat in solid-state fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58:164–169
Bockelmann W, Protius S, Lick S, Heller KJ (1999) Sporulation of Penicillium camemberti in submerged batch culture. System Appl Microbiol 22:479–485
Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC (1994) The Fungi. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif
Castillo MR, Gutierrez-Correa M, Linden JC, Tengerdy RP (1994) Mixed culture solid substrate fermentation for cellulolytic enzyme production. Biotechnol Let 16:967–972
Cen P, Xia L (1999) Production of cellulase by solid-state fermentation. Adv Biochem Eng 65:69–92
Christen P, Bramorski A, Revah S, Soccol CR (2000) Characterization of volatile compounds produced by Rhizopus strains grown on agro-industrial solid wastes. Bioresour Technol 71:211–215
Dartora AB, Bertolin TE, Bilibio D, Silveira MM, Costa JAV (2002) Evaluation of filamentous fungi and inducers for the production of endo-polygalacturonase by solid state fermentation. Z Naturforsch 57:666–670
Deschamps F, Huet MC (1985) Xylanase production in solid-state fermentation: a study of its properties. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 22:177–180
Deshpande MV (1999) Mycopesticide production by fermentation: potential and challenges. CRC Microbiol 25:229–243
Dey S, Agarwal SO (1999) Characterization of a theromostable alpha amylase from a thermophilic Streptomyces megasporus strain SD12. Indian J Biochem Biophys 36:150–157
Díaz-Godínez G, Soriano-Santos J, Augur C, Viniegra-González G (2001) Exopectinases produced by Aspergillus niger in solid-state and submerged fermentation: a comparative study. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 26:271–275
Elibol M, Muvituna F (1997) Characteristics of antibiotic production in a multiphase system. Process Biochem 35:85–90
Elinbaum S, Ferreyra H, Ellenrieder G, Cuevas C (2002) Production of Aspergillus terreus α-l-rhamnosidase by solid state fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol 34:67–71
Ellaiah P, Srinivasulu B, Adinarayana K (2003) Optimisation studies on neomycin production by a mutant strain of Streptomyces marinensis in solid state fermentation. Process Biochem (in press) DOI 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00059-6
Fan L, Pandey A, Mohan R, Soccol CR (2000) Use of various coffee industry residues for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid state fermentation. Acta Biotechnol 20:41–52
Favela-Torres E, Cordova-Lopez J, Garcia-Rivero M, Gutierrez-Rojas M (1998) Kinetics of growth of Aspergillus niger during submerged, agar surface and solid state fermentations. Process Biochem 33:103–107
Fenice M, Sermanni GG, Federici F, D‘Annibale A (2003) Submerged and solid-state production of laccase and Mn-peroxidase by Panus tigrinus on olive mill wastewater-based media. J Biotechnol 100:77–85
Filer K (2001) The newest old way to make enzymes. Feed Mix 9:27–29
Frandberg E, Peterson C, Lundgren LN, Schnurer J (2000) Streptomyces halstedii K122 produces antifungal compounds bafilomycin B1 and C1. Can J Microbiol 46:753–758
Frey S, Magan N (2001) Production of the fungal biocontrol agent Ulocladium atrum by submerged fermentation: accumulation of endogenous reserves and shelf-life studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:372–377
Fu S-G, Yoon Y, Bazemore R (2002) Aroma-active compounds in fermented bamboo shoots. J Agric Food Chem 50:549–554
Fujian X, Hongzhang C, Zuohu L (2001) Solid-state production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium using steam-exploded straw as substrate. Bioresour Technol 80:149–151
Gautam P, Sabu A, Pandey A, Szakacs G, Soccol CR (2002) Microbial production of extra-cellular phytase using polystyrene as inert solid support. Bioresour Technol 83:229–233
Germano S, Pandey A, Osaku CA, Rocha SN, Soccol CR (2003) Characterization and stability of proteases from Penicillium sp produced by solid-state fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:246–251
Gupte A, Madamwar D (1997) Solid state fermentation of lignocellulosic waste for cellulase and β-glucosidase production by cocultivation of Aspergillus ellipticus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Biotechnol Prog 13:166–169
Gutierrez-Correa M, Tengerdy RP (1997) Production of cellulase on sugar cane bagasse by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation. Biotechnol Lett 19:665–667
Gutierrez-Correa M, Tengerdy RP (1998) Xylanase production by fungal mixed culture solid substrate fermentation on sugar cane bagasse. Biotechnol Lett 20:45–47
Gutierrez-Correa M, Portal L, Moreno P, Tengerdy RP (1999) Mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of Trichoderma reesei with Aspergillus niger on sugar cane bagasse. Bioresour Technol 68:173–178
Han B-Z, Rombouts FM, Nout MJR (2001) A Chinese fermented soybean food. Int J Food Microbiol 65:1–10
Harris JP, Mantle PG (2001) Biosynthesis of ochratoxins by Aspergillus ochraceus. Phytochemistry 58:709–716
Hernández MRT, Lonsane BK, Raimbault M, Roussos S (1993) Spectra of ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea 1029c in solid-state fermentation system: influence of the composition of liquid medium used for impregnation sugar-cane pith bagasse. Process Biochem 28:23–27
Hölker U (2000) Bioreactor for fermenting solids. Patent PCT WO 01/19954
Hölker U (2002) Bioreactor having at least two reaction chambers. Patent WO 02/100999 A3
Hölker U (2003a) Kultivierungsverfahren für Mikroorganismen und Bioreaktor. Patent PCT/EPO3/01663
Hölker U (2003b) Fermentation auf festen Substraten. BioTec 3–4:32–33
Hölker U, Höfer M (2002) Solid substrate fermentation of lignite by the coal solubilizing mould Trichoderma atroviride in a new type of bioreactor. Biotechnol Lett 24:1643–1645
Hongzhang C, Fujian X, Zhonghou T, Zuohu L (2002) A novel industrial-level reactor with two dynamic changes of air for solid-state fermentation. J Biosci Bioeng 93:211–214
Hsu FL, Wang PM, Lu SY, Wu WT (2002) A combined solid-state and submerged cultivation integrated with adsorptive product extraction for production of Monascus red pigments. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 25:165–168
Ishida H, Hata Y, Kawato A, Abe Y, Suginami K, Imayasu S (2000) Identification of functional elements that regulate the glucoamylase-encoding gene (glab) expressed in solid-state culture of Aspergillus oryzae. Curr Genet 37:373–379
Jain A (1995) Production of xylanase by thermophilic Melanocarpus albomyces IIS-68. Process Biochem 30:705–709
Jermini MFG, Demain AL (1989) Solid state fermentation for cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus and Cephalosporin acremonium. Experientia 45:1061–1065
Johns MR, Stuart DM (1991) Production of pigments by Monascus purpureus in solid culture. J Ind Microbiol 8:23–28
Juzlova P, Martinkova L, Kren V (1996) Secondary metabolites of the fungus Monascus: a review. J Ind Microbiol 16:163–170
Kapoor M, Kuhad RC (2002) Improved polygalacturonase production from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2 under submerged (SmF) and solid state (SSF) fermentation. Lett Appl Microbiol 34:317–322
Kar B, Banerjee R (2000) Biosynthesis of tannin acyl hydrolase from tannin-rich forest residue under different fermentation conditions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 25:29–38
Kar B, Banerjee R, Bhattacharyya BC (1999) Microbial production of gallic acid by modified solid state fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 23:173–177
Kashyap DR, Soni SK, Tewari R (2003) Enhanced production of pectinase by Bacillus subtilis using solid state fermentation. Bioresour Technol 88:251–254
Kelecom A (2002) Secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms. Ann Acad Bras Cienc 74:151–170
Koroleva OV, Gavrilova VP, Stepanova EV, Lebedeva VI, Sverdlova NI, Landesman EO, Yavmetdinov IS, Yaropolov AI (2002) Production of lignin modifying enzymes by co-cultivated white-rot fungi Cerrena maxima and Coriolus hirsutus and characterization of laccase from Cerrena maxima. Enzyme Microb Technol 30:573–580
Kota KP, Sridhar P (1998) Solid state cultivation of Streptomyces clavuligerus for producing cephamycin C. J Sci Ind Res 57:587–590
Krishna C (1999) Production of bacterial cellulases by solid state bioprocessing of banana wastes. Bioresour Technol 69:231–239
Krishna C, Nokes SE (2001) Predicting vegetative inoculum performance to maximize phytase production in solid-state fermentation using response surface methodology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 26:161–170
Krishna PS, Venkateswarlu G, Pandey A, Rao LV (2003) Biosynthesis of rifamycin SV by Amycolatopsis mediterranei MTCC17 in solid cultures. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 37:311–315
Kumar D, Jain VK, Shanker G, Srivastava A (2003) Utilisation of fruit wastes for citric acid production by solid state fermentation. Process Biochem (in press)
Lapadatescu C, Bonnarme P (1999) Production of aryl metabolites in solid-state fermentations of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta. Biotechnol Lett 21:763–769
Larroche C, Gros JB (1989) Strategies for spore production by Penicillium roquefortii using solid state fermentation techniques. Process Biochem 24:97–103
Machado CM, Soccol CR, de Oliveira BH, Pandey A (2002) Giberellic acid production by solid-state fermentation in coffee husk. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 102–103:179–191
Mahadik ND, Puntambekar US, Bastawde KB, Khire JM, Gokhale DV (2002) Production of acidic lipase by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation. Process Biochem 38:715–721
Maldonado MC, Strasser de Saad AM (1998) Production of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state systems. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 20:34–38
Mamo G, Gessesse A (1999) Production of raw-starch digesting amyloglucosidase by Aspergillus sp GP-21 in solid state fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 22:622–626
Mandviwala TN, Khire JM (2000) Production of high activity thermostable phytase from thermotolerant Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 24:237–243
Martins ES, Silva D, da Silva R, Gomes E (2002) Solid state production of thermostable pectinase from thermophilic Thermoascus aurantiacus. Process Biochem 37:949–954
Massadeh MI, Yusoff WMW, Omar O, Kader J (2001) Synergism of cellulase enzymes in mixed culture solid substrate fermentation. Biotechnol Let 23:1771–1774
Mitchell DA, Krieger N, Stuart DM, Pandey A (2000a) New developments in solid-state fermentation: II. Rational approaches to design, operation and scale-up of bioreactors. Process Biochem 35:1211–1225
Mitchell DA, Berovic M, Krieger N (2000b) Biochemical engineering of solid state bioprocessing. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 68:61–138
Mitchell DA, Berovic M, Krieger N (2002) Overview of solid state bioprocessing. Biotechnol Annu Rev 8:183–225
Montiel-Gonzalez AM, Fernandez FJ, Viniegra-Gonzalez G, Loera O (2002) Invertase production on solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger strains by parasexual recombination. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 102–103:63–70
Munoz GA, Agosin E, Cotoras M, San Martin R, Volpe D (1995) Comparison of aerial and submerged spore properties for Trichoderma harzianum. 125:63–70
Nandakumar MP, Thakur MS, Raghavaro KSMS, Ghildyal NP (1999) Studies on catabolite repression in solid state fermentation for biosynthesis of fungal amylases. Let Appl Microbiol 29:380–384
Nigam P, Singh D (1996a) Processing of agricultural wastes in solid state fermentation for microbial protein production. J Sci Ind Res 55:373–380
Nigam P, Singh D (1996b) Processing of agricultural wastes in solid state fermentation for cellulolytic enzymes production. J Sci Ind Res 55:457–463
Nout MJR, Aidoo KE (2002) Asian fungal fermented food. In: Osiewacz X (ed) The Mycota. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 23–47
Ohno A, Ano T, Shoda M (1993) Production of the antifungal peptide, iturin, by Bacillus subtilis NB22 using wheat bran as substrate. J Ferment Bioeng 75:23–27
Ohno A, Ano T, Shoda M (1996) Use of soybean curd residue, okara, for the solid state substrate in the production of a lipopeptide antibiotic, iturin A, by Bacillus subtilis NB 22. Process Biochem 31:801–806
Ooijkaas LP, Weber F, Buitelaar RM, Tramper J, Rinzema A (2000) Defined media and inert supports: their potential as solid-state fermentation production system. Trends Biotechnol 18:356–360
Oostra J, Tramper J, Rinzema A (2000) Model-based bioreactor selection for large-scale solid-state cultivation of Coniothyrium minitans spores on oats. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:652–663
Pandey A (2003) Solid-state fermentation. Biochem Eng J 13:81–84
Pandey A, Selvakumar P, Soccol CR, Nigam P (1999) Solid state fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes. Curr Sci 77:149–162
Pandey A, Soccol CR, Mitchell D (2000) New developments in solid state fermentation. I Processes and products. Process Biochem 35:1153–1169
Pandey A, Soccol CR, Rodriguez-Leon JA, Nigam P (2001) Solid-state fermentation in biotechnology: fundamentals and applications. Asiatech, New Delhi
Panagiotou G, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P (2003) Production of cellulolytic enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum grown on corn stover in solid state fermentation. Ind Crops Prod 18:37–45
Papagianni M, Nokesa SE, Filer K (1999) Production of phytase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem 35:397–402
Park YS, Kang SW, Lee JS, Hong SI, Kim SW (2002) Xylanase production in solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger mutant using statistical experimental designs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58:761–766
Pascual S, de Cal A, Magan N, Melgarejo P (2000) Surface hydrophobicity, viability and efficacy in biological control of Penicillium oxalicum spores produced in aerial and submerged culture. J Appl Microbiol 89:847–853
Raimbault M (1998) General and microbiological aspects of solid substrate fermentation. Electronic J Biotechnol 1:1–15
Ramana Murthy MV, Mohan EVS, Sadhukhan AK (1999) Cyclosporin A production by Tolypocladium inflatum using solid state fermentation. Process Biochem 34:269–280
Reddy GV, Babu PR, Komaraiah P, Roya KRRM, Kothari IL (2003) Utilization of banana waste for the production of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by solid substrate fermentation using two Pleurotus species (P. ostreatus and P. sajor-caju). Process Biochem 38:1457–1462
Rehm HJ (1967) Industrielle Mikrobiologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Reyes-Moreno C, Romero-Urías C, Milán-Carrillo J, Valdéz-Torres B, Zárate-Márquez E (2000) Optimization of the solid state fermentation process to obtain tempeh from hardened chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 55:219–228
Robinson T, Singh D, Nigam P (2001) Solid-state fermentation: a promising microbial technology for secondary metabolite production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55:284–289
Robinson T, Chandran B, Nigam P (2002) Studies on desorption of individual textile dyes and a synthetic dye effluent from dye-adsorbed agricultural residues using solvents. Bioresour Technol 84:299–301
Romero-Gomez SJ, Augur C, Viniegra-Gonzalez G (2000) Invertase production by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Lett 22:1255–1258
Sadhukhan AK, Ramana Murthy MV, Ajaya Kumar R, Mohan EVS, Vandana G, Bhar C, Venkateswara Rao K (1999) Optimization of mycophenolic acid production in solid state fermentation using response surface methodology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 22:33–38
Sarhy-Bagnon VV, Lozano P, Saucedo-Castaneda G, Roussos S (2000) Production of 6-pentyl-α-pyrone by Trichoderma harzianum in liquid and solid state cultures. Process Biochem 36:103–109
Segeth MP, Bonnefoy A, Bronstrup M, Knauf M, Schummer D, Toti L, Vertesy L, Wetzel-Raynal MC, Wink J, Seibert G (2003) Coniosetin a novel tetramic antibiotic from Coniochaeta ellipsoidea DSM 13856. J Antibiot 56:114–122
Selvakumar P, Ashakumary L, Pandey A (1998) Biosynthesis of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger by solid-state fermentation using tea waste as the basis of solid substrate. Bioresour Technol 65:83–85
Solis-Pereira S, Favela-Torres E, Viniegra-Gonzalez G, Gutierrez-Rojas M (1993) Effect of different carbon sources on the synthesis of pectinases in Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 39:36–41
Souza JVB, Silva ES, Maia MLS, Teixeira MFS (2003) Screening of fungal strains for pectinolytic activity: endopolygalacturonase production by Peacilomyces clavisporus 2A.UMIDA.1. Process Biochem 39:455–458
Stepanova EV, Koroleva OV, Vasilchenko LG, Karapetyan KN, Landesman EO, Yavmetdinov IS, Kozlov YP, Ranbinovich ML (2003) Fungal decomposition of oat straw during liquid and solid-state fermentation. Appl Biochem Microbiol 39:65–74
Su YC, Wang JJ, Lin TT (2003) Production of secondary metabolites γ-aminobutyric acid and monacolin K by Monascus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 30:41–46
Tarangano VM, Pilosofa AMR (1999) Application of Doehlert designs for water activity, pH, and fermentation time optimization for Aspergillus niger pectinolytic activities production in solid-state and submerged fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 25:411–419
Tengerdy RP (1996) Cellulase production by solid substrate fermentation. J Sci Ind Res 55:313–316
Tengerdy RP, Szakacs G (2003) Bioconversion of lignocellulose in solid substrate fermentation. Biochem Eng J 13:169–179
Tomasini A, Fajardo C, Barrios-Gonzalez J (1997) Giberellic acid production using different solid state fermentation systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 13:203–206
Ul-Haq I, Idrees S, Rajoka MI (2002) Production of lipases by Rhizopus oligosporus by solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem 37:637–641
Venkateswarlu G, Murali Krishna PS, Pandey A, Rao LV (2000) Evaluation of Amycolatopsis mediterranei VA18 for production of rifamycin-B. Process Biochem 37:331–338
Viniegra-Gonzalez G, Favela-Torres E, Aguilar CN, Romero-Gomez S, Diaz-Godinez G, Augur C (2003) Advantages of fungal enzyme production in solid state over liquid fermentation systems. Biochem Eng J 13:157–167
Wang HH (1999) Development and/or reclamation of bioresources with solid state fermentation. Proc Natl Sci Counc ROC B 23:45–61
Yang SS, Ling MY (1989) Tetracycline production with sweet potato residues by solid state fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 33:1021–1028
Yang SS, Wang JY (1996) Morphogenesis, ATP content and oxytetracyline production by Streptomyces rimosus in solid substrate cultivation. J Appl Bacteriol 80:545–550
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hölker, U., Höfer, M. & Lenz, J. Biotechnological advantages of laboratory-scale solid-state fermentation with fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64, 175–186 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1504-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1504-3