Abstract
A growing world population and a growing number of applications for vegetable oils are generating an increasing demand for these oils, causing serious environmental problems. A sustainable lipid production is then fundamental to address these problems. Oleaginous yeasts are a promising solution for sustainable lipid production, but, with the current knowledge and technology, they are still not a serious alternative in the market. In this review, the potential of these yeasts is highlighted and a discussion is made mainly focused on the economics of the oleaginous yeast oil production and identification of the key points to be improved to achieve lower production costs and higher income. Three main stages of the production process, where costs are higher, were identified. To render economically feasible the production of oils using oleaginous yeasts, a reduction in production costs must occur in all stages, lipid yields and productivities must be improved, and production must be targeted to high-value product applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ageitos JM, Vallejo JA, Veiga-crespo P, Villa TG (2011) Oily yeasts as oleaginous cell factories. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90:1219–1227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3200-z
Alvarez RM, Rodriguez B, Romano JM, Diaz AO, Mir D, Navarro L, Saura G, Garcia JL (1992) Lipid accumulation in Rhodotorula glutinis on sugar cane molasses in single-stage continuous culture. J Microbiol 8:214–215
Amaretti A, Raimondi S, Sala M, Roncaglia L, De Lucia M, Leonardi A, Rossi M (2010) Single cell oils of the cold-adapted oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glacialis DBVPG 4785. Microb Cell Factories 9:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-73
Annamalai N, Sivakumar N, Oleskowicz-Popiel P (2018) Enhanced production of microbial lipids from waste office paper by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. Fuel 217:420–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.108
Anschau A, Xavier MCA, Hernalsteens S, Franco TT (2014) Effect of feeding strategies on lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi. Bioresour Technol 157:214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.104
Anuar MR, Zuhairi A (2016) Challenges in biodiesel industry with regards to feedstock, environmental, social and sustainability issues: a critical review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 58:208–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.296
Ca V, Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galia M (2013) Renewable polymeric materials from vegetable oils: a perspective. 16:337–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.08.016
Calvey CH, Su YK, Willis LB, McGee M, Jeffries TW (2016) Nitrogen limitation, oxygen limitation, and lipid accumulation in Lipomyces starkeyi. Bioresour Technol 200:780–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.104
Cheirsilp B, Kitcha S, Torpee S (2012) Co-culture of an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and a microalga Chlorella vulgaris for biomass and lipid production using pure and crude glycerol as a sole carbon source. Ann Microbiol 62:987–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-011-0338-y
Choi SY, Ryu DD, Rhee JS (1982) Production of microbial lipid: effects of growth rate and oxygen on lipid synthesis and fatty acid composition of Rhodotorula gracilis. Biotechnol Bioeng 24:1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260240513
Cui Y, Liang Y (2015) Sweet sorghum syrup as a renewable material for microbial lipid production. Biochem Eng J 93:229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2014.09.013
Dai C, Tao J, Xie F, Dai Y, Zhao M (2007) Biodiesel generation from oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis with xylose assimilating capacity. J Biotechnol 6:2130–2134
Davies RJ, Holdsworth JE, Reader SL (1990) The effect of low oxygen uptake rate on the fatty acid profile of the oleaginous yeast Apiotriehum curvature. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 33:569–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00172553
Dey P, Maiti MK (2013) Molecular characterization of a novel isolate of Candida tropicalis for enhanced lipid production. J Appl Microbiol 114:1357–1368. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12133
Dobrowolski A, Mituła P, Rymowicz W, Mirończuk AM (2016) Efficient conversion of crude glycerol from various industrial wastes into single cell oil by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Bioresour Technol 207:237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.039
Dong T, Knoshaug EP, Pienkos PT, Laurens LML (2016) Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: a critical review. Appl Energy 177:879–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.002
El-Saied HM, Morsi MK, Amer MMA (1981) Composition of cocoa shell fat as related to cocoa butter. Z Ernahrungswiss 20:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02021260
Fassinou WF, Sako A, Fofana A, Koua KB, Toure S (2010) Fatty acids composition as a means to estimate the high heating value (HHV) of vegetable oils and biodiesel fuels. Energy 35:4949–4954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.08.030
Fei Q, Chang HN, Shang L, Choi J (2011a) Exploring low-cost carbon sources for microbial lipids production by fed-batch cultivation of Cryptococcus albidus. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 16:482–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-010-0370-y
Fei Q, Chang HN, Shang L, Choi JD, Kim NJ, Kang JW (2011b) The effect of volatile fatty acids as a sole carbon source on lipid accumulation by Cryptococcus albidus for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102:2695–2701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.141
Fei Q, O’Brien M, Nelson R, Chen X, Lowell A, Dowe N (2016) Enhanced lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides using different fed-batch feeding strategies with lignocellulosic hydrolysate as the sole carbon source. Biotechnol Biofuels 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0542-x
Fontanille P, Kumar V, Christophe G, Nouaille R, Larroche C (2012) Bioconversion of volatile fatty acids into lipids by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Bioresour Technol 114:443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.091
Gerbens-Leenes W, Hoekstra AY, van der Meer TH (2009) The water footprint of bioenergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:10219–10223. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812619106
Gong Z, Wang Q, Shen H, Hu C, Jin G, Zhao ZK (2012) Co-fermentation of cellobiose and xylose by Lipomyces starkeyi for lipid production. Bioresour Technol 117C:20–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.063
Gong Z, Shen H, Yang X, Wang Q, Xie H, Zhao ZK (2014) Lipid production from corn stover by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. Biotechnol Biofuels 7:158. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-014-0158-y
Gong Z, Zhou W, Shen H, Zhao ZK, Yang Z, Yan J, Zhao M (2016) Co-utilization of corn stover hydrolysates and biodiesel-derived glycerol by Cryptococcus curvatus for lipid production. Bioresour Technol 219:552–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.021
Hassan M, Blanc PJ, Pareilleux A, Goma G (1994) Production of single-cell oil from prickly- pear juice fermentation by Cryptococcus curvatus grown in batch culture. Microbiology 1:1994–1994
Hu C, Wu S, Wang Q, Jin G, Shen H, Zhao ZK (2011) Simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose for lipid production by Trichosporon cutaneum. Biotechnol Biofuels 4:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-4-25
Huang C, Zong M, Wu H, Liu Q (2009) Microbial oil production from rice straw hydrolysate by Trichosporon fermentans. Bioresour Technol 100:4535–4538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.022
Huang C, Wu H, Liu Z-J, Cai J, Lou W-Y, Zong M-H (2012) Effect of organic acids on the growth and lipid accumulation of oleaginous yeast Trichosporon fermentans. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-4
Huang C, Cui X, Wu H, Lou W, Zong M (2014) The effect of different factors on microbial oil production by Trichosporon fermentans on rice straw acid hydrolysate. Int J Green Energy 11:787–795. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2013.829779
Huang XF, Liu JN, Lu LJ, Peng KM, Yang GX, Liu J (2016) Culture strategies for lipid production using acetic acid as sole carbon source by Rhodosporidium toruloides. Bioresour Technol 206:141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.073
Huang XF, Shen Y, Luo HJ, Liu JN, Liu J (2018) Enhancement of extracellular lipid production by oleaginous yeast through preculture and sequencing batch culture strategy with acetic acid. Bioresour Technol 247:395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.096
Johnson VW, Singh M, Saini VS, Adhikari DK, Sista V, Yadav NK (1995) Utilization of molasses for the production of fat by an oleaginous yeast, Rhodotorula glutinis IIP-30. J Ind Microbiol 14:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01570057
Karamerou EE, Theodoropoulos C, Webb C (2016) A biorefinery approach to microbial oil production from glycerol by Rhodotorula glutinis. Biomass Bioenergy 89:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.01.007
Kot AM, Kurcz A, Bry J, Gientka I, Bzducha-wróbel A, Maliszewska M, Reczek L (2017) Effect of initial pH of medium with potato wastewater and glycerol on protein, lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis by Rhodotorula glutinis. 27:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.01.007
Koutinas AA, Chatzifragkou A, Kopsahelis N, Papanikolaou S, Kookos IK (2014) Design and techno-economic evaluation of microbial oil production as a renewable resource for biodiesel and oleochemical production. Fuel 116:566–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.045
Lamers D, van Biezen N, Martens D, Peters L, van de Zilver E, Jacobs-van Dreumel N, Wijffels RH, Lokman C (2016) Selection of oleaginous yeasts for fatty acid production. BMC Biotechnol 16:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-016-0276-7
Li Y, Zhao Z, Bai F, Kent Z (2007) High-density cultivation of oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4 in fed-batch culture. Enzym Microb Technol 41:312–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.02.008
Lin J, Shen H, Tan H, Zhao X, Wu S, Hu C, Zhao ZK (2011) Lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi cells in glucose solution without auxiliary nutrients. J Biotechnol 152:184–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.02.010
Ling J, Nip S, Shim H (2013) Enhancement of lipid productivity of Rhodosporidium toruloides in distillery wastewater by increasing cell density. Bioresour Technol 146:301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.023
Ling J, Tian Y, de Toledo RA, Shim H (2017) Cost reduction for the lipid production from distillery and domestic mixed wastewater by Rhodosporidium toruloides via the reutilization of spent seed culture medium. Energy 136:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.04.008
Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang J (2015) Enhanced lipid production with undetoxified corncob hydrolysate by Rhodotorula glutinis using a high cell density culture strategy. Bioresour Technol 180:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.093
Liu J, Huang X, Chen R, Yuan M, Liu J (2017) Efficient bioconversion of high-content volatile fatty acids into microbial lipids by Cryptococcus curvatus ATCC 20509. Bioresour Technol 239:394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.04.070
Lopes M, Gomes AS, Silva CM, Belo I (2018) Microbial lipids and added value metabolites production by Yarrowia lipolytica from pork lard. J Biotechnol 265:76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.11.007
Lorenz E, Runge D, Marbà-Ardébol AM, Schmacht M, Stahl U, Senz M (2017) Systematic development of a two-stage fed-batch process for lipid accumulation in Rhodotorula glutinis. J Biotechnol 246:4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.010
Magdouli S, Guedri T, Tarek R, Brar SK, Blais JF (2017) Valorization of raw glycerol and crustacean waste into value added products by Yarrowia lipolytica. Bioresour Technol 243:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.074
Marelli L, Padella M, Edwards R, Moro A, Kousoulidou M, Giuntoli J, Baxter D, Vorkapic V, O’Connell A, Lonza L (2015) The impact of biofuels on transport and the environment, and their connection with agricultural development in Europe
Mata-Gómez LC, Montañez JC, Méndez-zavala A, Aguilar CN (2018) Biotechnological production of carotenoids by yeasts: an overview. 1–11
Meesters PAEP, Huijberts GNM, Eggink G (1996) High-cell-density cultivation of the lipid accumulating yeast Cryptococcus curvatus using glycerol as a carbon source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45:575–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530050731
Miao S, Wang P, Su Z, Zhang S (2014) Vegetable-oil-based polymers as future polymeric biomaterials. Acta Biomater 10:1692–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2013.08.040
Ochsenreither K, Glück C, Stressler T, Fischer L, Syldatk C (2016) Production strategies and applications of microbial single cell oils. Front Microbiol 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01539
Pan JG, Kwak MY, Rhee JS (1986) High density cell-culture of Rhodtorula Glutinis using oxygen-enriched air. Biotechnol Lett 8:715–718
Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G (2002) Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol in a single-stage continuous culture. Bioresour Technol 82:43–49
Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G (2011) Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part II: technology and potential applications. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113:1052–1073. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201100015
Park GW, Fei Q, Jung K, Chang HN, Kim YC, Kim NJ, Choi JD, Kim S, Cho J (2014) Volatile fatty acids derived from waste organics provide an economical carbon source for microbial lipids/biodiesel production. Biotechnol J 9:1536–1546. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400266
Park GW, Chang HN, Jung K, Seo C, Kim YC, Choi JH, Woo HC, Hwang IJ (2017) Production of microbial lipid by Cryptococcus curvatus on rice straw hydrolysates. Process Biochem 56:147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2017.02.020
Probst KV, Vadlani PV (2015) Production of single cell oil from Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 56304 using biorefinery by-products. Bioresour Technol 198:268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.018
Probst KV, Schulte LR, Durrett TP, Rezac ME, Probst KV, Schulte LR, Durrett TP, Rezac ME, Probst KV, Schulte LR, Durrett TP, Rezac ME, Vadlani PV (2017) Oleaginous yeast: a value-added platform for renewable oils. 8551. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2015.1064855
Qiao K, Wasylenko TM, Zhou K, Xu P, Stephanopoulos G (2017) Lipid production in Yarrowia lipolytica is maximized by engineering cytosolic redox metabolism. Nat Biotechnol 35:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3763
Qin L, Liu L, Zeng AP, Wei D (2017) From low-cost substrates to single cell oils synthesized by oleaginous yeasts. Bioresour Technol 245:1507–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.163
Ratledge C (1991) Microorganisms for lipids. Acta Biotechnol 11:429–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/abio.370110506
Ratledge C (2002) Regulation of lipid accumulation in oleaginous micro-organisms. Biochem Soc Trans 30:1047–1050
Ratledge C, Cohen Z (2008) Microbial and algal oils: do they have a future for biodiesel or as commodity oils? Lipid Technol 20:155–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/lite.200800044
Ricardo C, José C, Neto D, Thomaz V, Bittencourt E, Scopel E, Bianchi A, Medeiros P, Porto L, Vandenberghe DS (2017) Pilot scale biodiesel production from microbial oil of Rhodosporidium toruloides DEBB 5533 using sugarcane juice : performance in diesel engine and preliminary economic study. Bioresour Technol 223:259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.055
Ryu B-G, Kim J, Kim K, Choi Y-E, Han J-I, Yang J-W (2013) High-cell-density cultivation of oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus for biodiesel production using organic waste from the brewery industry. Bioresour Technol 135:357–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.054
Saenge C, Cheirsilp B, Tachapattaweawrakul T, Bourtoom T, Suksaroge TT (2011) Potential use of oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis for the bioconversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel plant to lipids and carotenoids. Process Biochem 46:210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2010.08.009
Santamauro F, Whiffin FM, Scott RJ, Chuck CJ (2014) Low-cost lipid production by an oleaginous yeast cultured in non-sterile conditions using model waste resources. Biotechnol Biofuels 7:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-34
Sara M, Brar SK, Blais JF (2016) Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica grown on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: optimization of growth parameters and their effects on the fermentation efficiency. RSC Adv 6:90547–90558. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA16382C
Saran S, Mathur A, Dalal J, Saxena RK (2017) Process optimization for cultivation and oil accumulation in an oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides A29. Fuel 188:324–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.051
Sargeant LA, Chuck CJ, Donnelly J, Bannister CD, Scott RJ (2014) Optimizing the lipid profile, to produce either a palm oil or biodiesel substitute, by manipulation of the culture conditions for Rhodotorula glutinis. 5:33–43
Seo YH, Lee I, Jeon SH, Han JI (2014) Efficient conversion from cheese whey to lipid using Cryptococcus curvatus. Biochem Eng J 90:149–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2014.05.018
Sitepu IR, Sestric R, Ignatia L, Levin D, German JB, Gillies LA, Almada LAG, Boundy-Mills KL (2013) Manipulation of culture conditions alters lipid content and fatty acid profiles of a wide variety of known and new oleaginous yeast species. Bioresour Technol 144:360–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.047
Sitepu IR, Garay LA, Sestric R, Levin D, Block DE, German JB, Boundy-Mills KL (2014) Oleaginous yeasts for biodiesel: current and future trends in biology and production. Biotechnol Adv 32:1336–1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.08.003
Thiru M, Sankh S, Rangaswamy V (2011) Process for biodiesel production from Cryptococcus curvatus. Bioresour Technol 102:10436–10440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.102
Tinoi J, Rakariyatham N (2016) Optimization of pineapple pulp residue hydrolysis for lipid production by Rhodotorula glutinis TISTR5159 using as biodiesel feedstock. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 80:1641–1649. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1177444
Tsakona S, Kopsahelis N, Chatzifragkou A, Papanikolaou S, Kookos IK, Koutinas AA (2014) Formulation of fermentation media from flour-rich waste streams for microbial lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi. J Biotechnol 189:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBIOTEC.2014.08.011
Tsigie YA, Wang CY, Truong CT, Ju YH (2011) Lipid production from Yarrowia lipolytica Po1g grown in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. Bioresour Technol 102:9216–9222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.047
Uçkun Kiran E, Trzcinski A, Webb C (2013) Microbial oil produced from biodiesel by-products could enhance overall production. Bioresour Technol 129:650–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.152
Vieira JPF, Ienczak JL, Rossell CEV, Pradella JGC, Franco TT (2014) Microbial lipid production: screening with yeasts grown on Brazilian molasses. Biotechnol Lett 36:2433–2442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-014-1624-0
Viñarta SC, Angelicola MV, Barros JM, Fernández PM, Mac Cormak W, Aybar MJ, de Figueroa LIC (2016) Oleaginous yeasts from Antarctica: screening and preliminary approach on lipid accumulation. J Basic Microbiol 56:1360–1368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201600099
Wang R, Wang J, Xu R, Fang Z, Liu A (2014) Oil production by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi using diverse carbon sources. BioResources 9:7027–7040. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.4.7027-7040
Whiffin F, Santomauro F, Chuck CJ (2016) Toward a microbial palm oil substitute: oleaginous yeasts cultured on lignocellulose. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 10:316–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1641
Wild R, Patil S, Popovi M, Zappi M, Dufreche S, Bajpai R (2010) Lipids from Lipomyces starkeyi. Wild 48:329–335
Xu J, Liu N, Qiao K, Vogg S, Stephanopoulos G (2017) Application of metabolic controls for the maximization of lipid production in semicontinuous fermentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:E5308–E5316. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703321114
Xue F, Zhang X, Luo H, Tan T (2006) A new method for preparing raw material for biodiesel production. Process Biochem 41:1699–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2006.03.002
Xue F, Miao J, Zhang X, Luo H, Tan T (2008) Studies on lipid production by Rhodotorula glutinis fermentation using monosodium glutamate wastewater as culture medium. Bioresour Technol 99:5923–5927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.046
Xue F, Miao J, Zhang X, Tan T (2010) A new strategy for lipid production by mix cultivation of Spirulina platensis and Rhodotorula glutinis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160:498–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8376-z
Yang J, Xu M, Zhang X, Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Chen Y (2011) Life-cycle analysis on biodiesel production from microalgae: water footprint and nutrients balance. Bioresour Technol 102:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.017
Yang F, Hanna MA, Sun R (2012) Value-added uses for crude glycerol–a byproduct of biodiesel production. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-13
Yang X, Jin G, Gong Z, Shen H, Bai F, Zhao ZK (2014a) Recycling biodiesel-derived glycerol by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4 through the two-stage lipid production process. Biochem Eng J 91:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2014.07.015
Yang X, Jin G, Gong Z, Shen H, Song Y, Bai F, Zhao ZK (2014b) Simultaneous utilization of glucose and mannose from spent yeast cell mass for lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi. Bioresour Technol 158:383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.121
Yen H-W, Yang Y-C, Yu Y-H (2012) Using crude glycerol and thin stillage for the production of microbial lipids through the cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis. J Biosci Bioeng xx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.04.022
Ykema A, Verbree EC, Kater MM, Smit H (1988) Optimization of lipid production in the oleaginous yeast Apiotrichum curvature in whey permeate. Growth (Lakeland) 211–218
Yong-Hong LI, Bo LIU, Zong-bao Z, Feng-wu BAI, Li Y, Liu B, Zhao Z, Bai F (2006) Optimization of culture conditions for lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides. Chin J Biotechnol 22:650–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2075(06)60050-2
Yousuf A, Sannino F, Addorisio V, Pirozzi D (2010) Microbial conversion of olive oil mill wastewaters into lipids suitable for biodiesel production. J Agric Food Chem 58:8630–8635. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf101282t
Yu X, Dong T, Zheng Y, Miao C, Chen S (2015) Investigations on cell disruption of oleaginous microorganisms: hydrochloric acid digestion is an effective method for lipid extraction. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 117:730–737. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400195
Zhang J, Fang X, Zhu X-L, Li Y, Xu H-P, Zhao B-F, Chen L, Zhang X-D (2011) Microbial lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus O3 grown in fed-batch culture. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1906–1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.024
Zhang C, Garrison TF, Madbouly SA, Kessler MR (2017) Recent advances in vegetable oil-based polymers and their composites. Prog Polym Sci 71:91–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROGPOLYMSCI.2016.12.009
Zhao X, Kong X, Hua Y, Feng B, Zhao Z(K) (2008) Medium optimization for lipid production through co-fermentation of glucose and xylose by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 110:405–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200700224
Zhao X, Wu S, Hu C, Wang Q, Hua Y, Zhao ZK (2010) Lipid production from Jerusalem artichoke by Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37:581–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0704-y
Zhou W, Wang W, Li Y, Zhang Y (2013) Lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides Y2 in bioethanol wastewater and evaluation of biomass energetic yield. Bioresour Technol 127:435–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.067
Zhou W, Gong Z, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yan J, Zhao M (2017) Feasibility of lipid production from waste paper by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. BioResources 12:5249–5263. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.3.5249-5263
Zhu LY, Zong MH, Wu H (2008) Efficient lipid production with Trichosporon fermentans and its use for biodiesel preparation. Bioresour Technol 99:7881–7885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.033
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684), FCT doctoral grant (SFRH/BD/80490/2011) attributed to Bruno Vasconcelos, and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020—Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Bruno Vasconcelos declares that he has no conflict of interest. José Carlos Teixeira declares that he has no conflict of interest. Giuliano Dragone declares that he has no conflict of interest. José António Teixeira declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Human and animal studies
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vasconcelos, B., Teixeira, J.C., Dragone, G. et al. Oleaginous yeasts for sustainable lipid production—from biodiesel to surf boards, a wide range of “green” applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 3651–3667 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09742-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09742-x