Abstract
Quasi-three-level solid-state lasers using trivalent rare earth ions are efficient sources in the near- and mid-infrared spectral regions. Their unique properties arise from special energy level structures in different host materials and highly efficient laser operation became possible with the availability of highly efficient high-brightness pump sources like laser diodes. This work will give an overview of quasi-three-level solid-state lasers emitting in the wavelength range 1–5 μm. Recent research and advances in spectroscopic and laser results will be presented. In comparison to four-level lasers such as e.g. Nd3+ lasers at 1.06 μm, quasi-three-level lasers show a much stronger influence of temperature on laser performance, mainly due to the thermally induced changes in the spectroscopic properties of the laser medium. Nevertheless, highly efficient lasers can be realized by direct diode pumping with high spatial and spectral brightness laser diodes. The population dynamics in the manifolds also play an important role and ion concentrations are used to minimize or maximize energy-transfer effects. These general topics will be addressed in Sect. 1, in which basic aspects of quasi-three-level lasers and their description are discussed. Section 2 deals with the general energy-level structure of trivalent rare earths in hosts, from which the most interesting ions and their transitions can be derived. These ions, Nd3+, Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and Ho3+, are investigated in detail in Sect. 3 in order of their emission wavelengths, focusing on their spectral properties and laser results in different laser architectures and host media. In Sect. 4 the work is finally summarized.
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Eichhorn, M. Quasi-three-level solid-state lasers in the near and mid infrared based on trivalent rare earth ions. Appl. Phys. B 93, 269–316 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-008-3214-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-008-3214-0