Abstract
The appearance of instability modes on subsonic and supersonic impinging jets is a phenomenon of great interest that has been observed in jets produced by nozzles of different sizes. The present study describes these instabilities in millimeter-sized supersonic jets produced by convergent and convergent–divergent nozzles (\(D_\mathrm{throat} = 2 \hbox { mm}\)). The smaller nozzle sizes allowed for a comprehensive parametric study involving 378 impingement distance values between \(H{/}D=0.5\) and \(H{/}D=9.9\), as well as 30 nozzle pressure ratio values for both nozzles, totaling a set of more than 22,000 experiments. The detailed resolution on the impingement distance parameter allowed for the observation of acoustic resonant tones that alternate between two or three distinct frequency bands. It was observed that very small changes in the impingement distance (\(\Delta H{/}D \le 0.5\)) are sufficient for resonant mode switching, which is related to the instability mode switching phenomenon. The complementary high-speed schlieren images, captured for a set of 36 cases, allowed for the effective observation and classification of the jet resonant modes via feature tracking. A correlation between the resonant mode shape (helical or axisymmetric) and the resonant tone was clearly observed and quantified. Further experiments with high-resolution schlieren images showed the shape of the acoustic waves produced, connecting the acoustic wave packets with the production of shear layer instabilities. In the helical instability mode, it was possible to observe what appears to be a helix-shaped acoustic wave.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aniskin VM, Mironov SG, Maslov AA, Tsyryulnikov IS (2015) Supersonic axisymmetric microjets: structure and laminarturbulent transition. Microfluid Nanofluidics 19(3):621–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-015-1588-y
Davis T, Edstrand A, Alvi F, Cattafesta L, Yorita D, Asai K (2015) Investigation of impinging jet resonant modes using unsteady pressure-sensitive paint measurements. Exp Fluids 56(5):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-1976-9
Dhamanekar A, Srinivasan K (2014) Effect of impingement surface roughness on the noise from impinging jets. Phys Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866977
Dhamanekar A, Srinivasan K (2017) Effect of plate inclination on the noise of impinging jets. Appl Acoust 127:354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.06.002
Krothapalli A, Rajkuperan E, Alvi FS, Lourenco LM (1999) Flow field and noise characteristics of a supersonic impinging jet. J Fluid Mech 392(S0022112099005):406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112099005406
Neuwerth G (1974) Acoustic feedback of a subsonic and supersonic free jet which impinges on an obstacle. NASA TT F-15719
Panickar P, Raman G (2007) Criteria for the existence of helical instabilities in subsonic impinging jets. Phys Fluids. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2798804
Parker RR, Klausner JF, Mei R (2012) Supersonic two-phase impinging jet heat transfer. J Heat Transf 135(2):022–201. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007408
Phalnikar KA, Kumar R, Alvi FS (2008) Experiments on free and impinging supersonic microjets. Exp Fluids 44(5):819–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-0438-4
Powell A (1953) On edge tones and associated phenomena. Acustica 3(4):233–243
Tabeling P (2005) Introduction to microfluidics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Tam CKW, Ahuja KK (1990) Theoretical model of discrete tone generation by impinging jets. J Fluid Mech 214(1971):67–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112090000052
Tam CKW, Seiner JM, Yu JC (1986) Proposed relationship between broadband shock associated noise and screech tones. J Sound Vib 110(2):309–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(86)80212-7
Upadhyay P, Gustavsson JP, Alvi FS (2016) Development and characterization of high-frequency resonance-enhanced microjet actuators for control of high-speed jets. Exp Fluids 57(5):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2164-2
Wagner F (1971) The sound and flow field of an axially symmetric free jet upon impact on a wall. NASA technical translation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Willert CE, Mitchell DM, Soria J (2012) An assessment of high-power light-emitting diodes for high frame rate schlieren imaging. Exp Fluids 53(2):413–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-012-1297-1
Worden TJ, Upadhyay P, Gustavsson JPR, Alvi FS (2014) Studies on microjet control effectiveness in high-temperature supersonic impinging jets. AIAA J 52(8):1757–1769. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J052692
Yu MS, Kim BG, Cho HH (2005) Heat transfer on flat surface impinged by an underexpanded sonic jet. J Thermophys Heat Transf 19(4):448–454. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.14324
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary material 1 (AVI 13131 KB)
Supplementary material 2 (AVI 13065 KB)
Supplementary material 3 (AVI 31336 KB)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zigunov, F., Sellappan, P. & Alvi, F. Instability modes of millimeter-scale supersonic jets. Exp Fluids 60, 59 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2707-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2707-4