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GH–IGF system regulation of attenuated muscle growth and lipolysis in Atlantic salmon reared at elevated sea temperatures

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Abstract

Growth regulation in adult Atlantic salmon (1.6 kg) was investigated during 45 days in seawater at 13, 15, 17, and 19 °C. We focused on feed intake, nutrient uptake, nutrient utilization, and endocrine regulation through growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGF), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP). During prolonged thermal exposure, salmon reduced feed intake and growth. Feed utilization was reduced at 19 °C after 45 days compared with fish at lower temperatures, and body lipid storage was depleted with increasing water temperature. Although plasma IGF-1 concentrations did not change, 32-Da and 43-kDa IGFBP increased in fish reared at ≤17 °C, and dropped in fish reared at 19 °C. Muscle igf1 mRNA levels were reduced at 15 and 45 days in fish reared at 15, 17, and 19 °C. Muscle igf2 mRNA levels did not change after 15 days in response to increasing temperature, but were reduced after 45 days. Although liver igf2 mRNA levels were reduced with increasing temperatures after 15 and 45 days, temperature had no effect on igf1 mRNA levels. The liver igfbp2b mRNA level, which corresponds to circulating 43-kDa IGFBP, exhibited similar responses after 45 days. IGFBP of 23 kDa was only detected in plasma in fish reared at 17 °C, and up-regulation of the corresponding igfbp1b gene indicated a time-dependent catabolic response, which was not observed in fish reared at 19 °C. However, higher muscle ghr mRNA levels were detected in fish at 17 and 19 °C than in fish at lower temperatures, indicating lipolytic regulation in muscle. These results show that the reduction of muscle growth in large salmon is mediated by decreased igf1 and igf2 mRNA levels in addition to GH-associated lipolytic action to cope with prolonged thermal exposure. Accordingly, 13 °C appears to be a more optimal temperature for the growth of adult Atlantic salmon at sea.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thanks Ivar Helge Matre and Marita Larsen at the IMR Matre Aquaculture Research Station for excellent husbandry of the fish, and Eva Mykkeltvedt and Jacob Wessels at NIFES for great technical help in the molecular lab. This work has been performed with financial support from the Research Council of Norway, Project No. 187306 and Project No. 199683/S40.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, 5817, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway

    Ernst M. Hevrøy, Christine Hunskår & Rune Waagbø

  2. Department Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Stefan de Gelder

  3. Faculty of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan

    Munetaka Shimizu

  4. Marine Harvest Norway AS, Sandviksbodene 78, 5035, Bergen, Norway

    Olav Breck

  5. Nofima Marin, PO Box 5010, 1432, Ås, Norway

    Harald Takle

  6. Skretting Norway AS, PO Box 319, 4002, Sentrum, Stavanger, Norway

    Sissel Sussort

  7. Matre Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, 5984, Matredal, Norway

    Tom Hansen

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  1. Ernst M. Hevrøy
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  2. Christine Hunskår
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  4. Munetaka Shimizu
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  7. Harald Takle
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  8. Sissel Sussort
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  9. Tom Hansen
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Correspondence to Ernst M. Hevrøy.

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Communicated by I. D. Hume.

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Hevrøy, E.M., Hunskår, C., de Gelder, S. et al. GH–IGF system regulation of attenuated muscle growth and lipolysis in Atlantic salmon reared at elevated sea temperatures. J Comp Physiol B 183, 243–259 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-012-0704-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-012-0704-5

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