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Mesozoic mafic alkaline magmatism of southern Scandinavia

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Abstract

More than 100 volcanic necks in central Scania (southern Sweden) are the product of Jurassic continental rift-related mafic alkaline magmatism at the southwest margin of the Baltic Shield. They are mainly basanites, with rarer melanephelinites. Both rock groups display overlapping primitive Mg-numbers, Cr and Ni contents, steep chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns (LaN /YbN = 17–27) and an overall enrichment in incompatible elements. However, the melanephelinites are more alkaline and have stronger high field strength element enrichment than the basanites. The existence of distinct primary magmas is also indicated by heterogeneity in highly incompatible element ratios (e.g. Zr/Nb, La/Nb). Trace element modelling indicates that the magmas were generated by comparably low degrees of melting of a heterogeneous mantle source. Such a source can best be explained by a metasomatic overprint of the mantle lithosphere by percolating evolved melts. The former existence of such alkaline trace element-enriched melts can be demonstrated by inversion of the trace element content of green-core clinopyroxenes and anorthoclase which occur as xenocrysts in the melanephelinites and are interpreted as being derived from crystallization of evolved mantle melts. Jurassic magmatic activity in Scania was coeval with the generation of nephelinites in the nearby Egersund Basin (Norwegian North Sea). Both Scanian and North Sea alkaline magmas share similar trace element characteristics. Mantle enrichment processes at the southwest margin of the Baltic Shield and the North Sea Basin generated trace element signatures similar to those of ocean island basalts (e.g. low Zr/Nb and La/Nb) but there are no indications of plume activity during the Mesozoic in this area. On the contrary, the short duration of rifting, absence of extensive lithospheric thinning, and low magma volumes argue against a Mesozoic mantle plume. It seems likely that the metasomatic imprint resulted from the earlier Permo-Carboniferous rifting episode which affected the entire study area and clearly was accompanied by plume activity (Ernst and Buchan in American Geophysical Union, pp 297–337, 1997). Renewed rifting in Jurassic times triggered decompression melting in the volatile-enriched lithospheric mantle and the alkaline melts generated inherited the earlier “stored” plume signature.

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Acknowledgements

This study is part of my diploma thesis completed at the Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Greifswald. Karsten Obst and Zoltan Solyom are thanked for logistical support and for resurrecting the study of Mesozoic volcanism in southern Scandinavia. George Jenner, Dejan Prelevic, Stephen Foley, Dorrit Jacob and Gerhard Wörner are thanked for helpful discussions. The final version of the manuscript has greatly benefited from thoughtful reviews and editorial advice from Hilary Downes, Lotte Larsen and Jochen Hoefs. Jürgen Eidam helped with the XRF analysis in Greifswald and Ulrich Siewers enabled the solution ICP-MS work in Hannover. Special thanks to Dorrit Jacob who ably assisted with the LAM-ICP-MS work in Greifswald. Stephen Foley financially supported the electron microprobe analyses in Göttingen, which were ably assisted by Andreas Kronz. A travel grant for field work was provided by DAAD (Germany).

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  1. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, Becherweg 21, 55099, Mainz, Germany

    Sebastian Tappe

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Appendix

Appendix

Analytical techniques

Mineral chemistry

Mineral compositions were obtained using a JEOL JXA 8900 RL electron microprobe at the University of Göttingen. Operating voltage for silicates was 15 kV and the probe current was 15 nA. Opaque oxides were measured with 15 kV and 20 nA. The beam diameter varied between 1 and 10 μm dependent on both size and content of volatile elements in the crystal of interest. All the data were reduced with a CITZAF procedure (Armstrong 1995).

In-situ trace element analyses were performed with a laser ablation microprobe (LAM) in Greifswald which consists of a Q-switched Nd-YAG Merchantek UP-213 laser ablation system coupled to an Agilent 7500cs ICP-MS. Ablated material was carried in a continuous stream of argon to the ICP-MS. Mineral analyses were made using the frequency quadrupled laser output with a UV wavelength of 213 nm at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. Energy densities of 10 J/cm2 were adjusted and relatively large ablation craters were drilled (95 μm) to get sufficient signal for accurate quantification of a wide range of trace elements. Detection limits were calculated for individual analyses and approach values below 1 ppb. Calcium was used as an internal standard, with concentrations independently determined by electron microprobe analysis. The SRM NIST 612 and BCR2-G glasses were measured as international reference materials.

Whole-rock geochemistry

Major and selected trace elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry on fused discs at the University of Greifswald. A sequential wavelength-dispersive Philips PW2404 X-ray spectrometer was equipped with a single goniometer based measuring channel, covering the complete measuring range. Some samples were additionally analyzed by XRF in Lund and results agree within analytical error for all major elements. An in-house standard and international reference materials (BCR2 and BHVO1) have also been incorporated in our measurements. In addition, Fe+2/+3 was determined for selected samples by standard titration techniques in Lund. A wide range of trace elements and REE were measured by ICP-MS at the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources in Hannover. Powders were dissolved in teflon bombs using a HF/HNO3 mixture (5 and 2 ml, respectively) and heated up to 170°C under pressure for 12 h. After slow cooling and further addition of HNO3 (2 ml) the digestions were evaporated to near dryness. The samples were taken up in 1 ml HNO3 and 1 ml HCl followed by dilution with 20–30 ml high purity H2O and heated again up to 170°C. Following cooling, samples were diluted to exactly 100 g using more water and Re and Rh were added as internal standards. These resulting solutions were analyzed on a Perkin–Elmer Elan 5000 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer using a cross-flow nebulizer. Calibration was achieved using matrix-matched international reference materials.

Comparison of trace elements determined by both the XRF and ICP-MS techniques (i.e. Ce, Y, Zr) was excellent and indicated no dissolution problems for the ICP-MS work. Typical estimates of precision and accuracy for these techniques are given in Jenner (1996).

Sample list

Sample list for Mesozoic mafic alkaline rocks from Scania

Sample ID

Rock type

Facies

Northinga

Eastinga

Location

CJBG 1

Basanite

Glassy

61990

13560

Lillö

CJBG 2

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62039

13598

Anneklev (Klevahill)

CJBG 3

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62077

13556

Ulfsberg (Bjäret)

CJBG 4

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62095

13569

Hästhallarna

CJBG 6

Basanite

Glassy

62104

13661

Gunnarp (center)

CJBG 7

Basanite

Glassy

62102

13663

Gunnarp (south)

CJBG 8

Basanite

Glassy

62090

13670

Ebbarp

CJBG 12

Basanite

Glassy

62115

13675

Snababerg

CJBG 13

Basanite

Glassy

62109

13681

Skoghus

CJBG 14

Basanite

Glassy

62098

13679

Bolmarehus (Spragebjär)

CJBG 15

Basanite

Glassy

62106

13682

Lönnebjär

CJBG 16

Basanite

Glassy

62106

13684

Lönnebjär

CJBG 18

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62129

13668

Sösdala

CJBG 19

Basanite

Glassy

62120

13663

Sösdala (Eáof Ella)

CJBG 20

Basanite

Glassy

62087

13573

Stenkilstorp

CJBG 21

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62096

13567

Hästhallarna

CJBG 22

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62097

13568

Hästhallarna

CJBG 23

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62119

13581

Knösen

CJBG 24

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62159

13607

Hagstad (Hagstadbjär)

CJBG 25

Melanephelinite

Glassy

62160

13610

Hagstad (Lilla Hagstad)

CJBG 26

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62098

13512

Allarpsberg

CJBG 27

Basanite

Glassy

62127

13554

Säte

CJBG 32

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62121

13460

Jällabjär

CJBG 33

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62118

13460

Jällabjär

CJBG 34

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62113

13488

Billinge II

CJBG 35

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62118

13483

Eneskogens gårdsgard

CJBG 37

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62131

13455

Randsliderna

CJBG 38

Melanephelinite

Glassy

62123

13462

Jällabjär

CJBG 39

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62204

13445

Juskushall

CJBG 40

Basanite

Glassy

62220

13461

Storaryd

CJBG 41

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62198

13376

Bonnarp

CJBG 42

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62140

13417

Rallate

CJBG 43

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

61976

13581

Bosjökloster

CJBG 44

Melanephelinite

Microcrystalline

62099

13567

Hästhallarna

CJBG 45

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62211

13714

Espet

CJBG 52

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62094

13696

Lunden

CJBG 54

Basanite

Microcrystalline

62171

13586

Holma

  1. aGauss-Krüger

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Tappe, S. Mesozoic mafic alkaline magmatism of southern Scandinavia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 148, 312–334 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0606-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0606-y

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