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Long-term dry immersion: review and prospects

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Abstract

Dry immersion, which is a ground-based model of prolonged conditions of microgravity, is widely used in Russia but is less well known elsewhere. Dry immersion involves immersing the subject in thermoneutral water covered with an elastic waterproof fabric. As a result, the immersed subject, who is freely suspended in the water mass, remains dry. For a relatively short duration, the model can faithfully reproduce most physiological effects of actual microgravity, including centralization of body fluids, support unloading, and hypokinesia. Unlike bed rest, dry immersion provides a unique opportunity to study the physiological effects of the lack of a supporting structure for the body (a phenomenon we call ‘supportlessness’). In this review, we attempt to provide a detailed description of dry immersion. The main sections of the paper discuss the changes induced by long-term dry immersion in the neuromuscular and sensorimotor systems, fluid–electrolyte regulation, the cardiovascular system, metabolism, blood and immunity, respiration, and thermoregulation. The long-term effects of dry immersion are compared with those of bed rest and actual space flight. The actual and potential uses of dry immersion are discussed in the context of fundamental studies and applications for medical support during space flight and terrestrial health care.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all the investigators whose work is cited in this paper, and to all the volunteers who participated in the dry immersion protocols. We are grateful to Jackie Godfrey and David Cushley for reviewing the syntax. The work was partly supported by the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Région des Pays de la Loire and the Institute of Biomedical Problems. N. Navasiolava received a PhD grant from the French Embassy in Belarus.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS UMR 6214, INSERM U771, Angers Faculty of Medicine, 49045, Angers Cedex, France

    Nastassia M. Navasiolava & Marc-Antoine Custaud

  2. Institute of Physiology of Minsk, Minsk, Belarus

    Nastassia M. Navasiolava

  3. Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye Shosse 76A, 123007, Moscow, Russia

    Elena S. Tomilovskaya, Irina M. Larina & Inesa B. Kozlovskaya

  4. Gifu University of Medical Science, Seki, Gifu, 501-3892, Japan

    Tadaaki Mano

  5. French Space Agency (CNES), Paris, France

    Guillemette Gauquelin-Koch

  6. Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Grange Blanche Faculty of Medicine, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France

    Claude Gharib

  7. CaDyWEC International Laboratory, Angers Faculty of Medicine, 49045, Angers Cedex, France

    Nastassia M. Navasiolava, Marc-Antoine Custaud & Irina M. Larina

  8. CaDyWEC International Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoye Shosse 76A, 123007, Moscow, Russia

    Nastassia M. Navasiolava, Marc-Antoine Custaud & Irina M. Larina

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  1. Nastassia M. Navasiolava
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  2. Marc-Antoine Custaud
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  3. Elena S. Tomilovskaya
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  8. Inesa B. Kozlovskaya
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Correspondence to Nastassia M. Navasiolava.

Additional information

Communicated by Nigel Taylor.

Appendix: Variations of English transcription of the names of Russian authors cited in this paper

Appendix: Variations of English transcription of the names of Russian authors cited in this paper

Baevsky, Baevskiĭ RM

Chernicova, Chernikova AG

Grigor’ev, Grigoriev, Grigoryev AI

Grigor’eva, Grigorieva LS

Il’in, Ilyin VK

Kirenskaia, Kirenskaya AV

Koriak, Koryak, Korijak Iu(Yu, Y)A

Kozlovskaya, Kozlovskaia, Kozlovskaja IB

Kreidich IuV, Kreydich YV

Mel’nik, Melnik KA

Shul’zhenko, Shulzhenko EB

Tomilovskaia, Tomilovskaya ES

Vil-Vilyams, Vil-Viliams, Vil’-Viliams, Vil’-Vil’iams, Will-Williams IF

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Navasiolava, N.M., Custaud, MA., Tomilovskaya, E.S. et al. Long-term dry immersion: review and prospects. Eur J Appl Physiol 111, 1235–1260 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1750-x

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