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Synthetic promoters in planta

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Abstract

Main conclusion

This paper reviews the importance, prospective and development of synthetic promoters reported in planta. A review of the synthetic promoters developed in planta would help researchers utilize the available resources and design new promoters to benefit fundamental research and agricultural applications.

The demand for promoters for the improvement and application of transgenic techniques in research and agricultural production is increasing. Native/naturally occurring promoters have some limitations in terms of their induction conditions, transcription efficiency and size. The strength and specificity of native promoter can be tailored by manipulating its ‘cis-architecture’ by the use of several recombinant DNA technologies. Newly derived chimeric promoters with specific attributes are emerging as an efficient tool for plant molecular biology. In the last three decades, synthetic promoters have been used to regulate plant gene expression. To better understand synthetic promoters, in this article, we reviewed promoter structure, the scope of cis-engineering, strategies for their development, their importance in plant biology and the total number of such promoters (188) developed in planta to date; we then categorized them under different functional regimes as biotic stress-inducible, abiotic stress-inducible, light-responsive, chemical-inducible, hormone-inducible, constitutive and tissue-specific. Furthermore, we identified a set of 36 synthetic promoters that control multiple types of expression in planta. Additionally, we illustrated the differences between native and synthetic promoters and among different synthetic promoter in each group, especially in terms of efficiency and induction conditions. As a prospective of this review, the use of ideal synthetic promoters is one of the prime requirements for generating transgenic plants suitable for promoting sustainable agriculture and plant molecular farming.

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Abbreviations

PR-1:

Pathogenesis-related proteins of group 1

ERE:

Ethylene-responsive element

JERE:

Jasmonic acid responsive element

ABA:

Abscisic acid

LRE:

Light responsive element

CAT:

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase

TALEN:

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases

CRISPR:

Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat

HSRE:

Heat shock responsive element

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Acknowledgments

We sincerely apologize for the omission of any synthetic promoter or relevant work that could not be covered in this review. We are thankful to the Director, ILS, for his support. We thank Dr. Neera Singh, ILS, for critically reading the manuscript. SS and SA are thankful to University Grant Commission for fellowship funding. IBM is thankful to KTRDC, University of Kentucky, for support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Nrisingha Dey, Shayan Sarkar & Sefali Acharya

  2. KTRDC, College of Agriculture-Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA

    Indu B. Maiti

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  1. Nrisingha Dey
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  2. Shayan Sarkar
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  3. Sefali Acharya
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  4. Indu B. Maiti
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Correspondence to Nrisingha Dey.

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Dey, N., Sarkar, S., Acharya, S. et al. Synthetic promoters in planta . Planta 242, 1077–1094 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2377-2

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