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Candidate genes and genome-wide association study of grain protein content and protein deviation in durum wheat

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Stable QTL for grain protein content co-migrating with nitrogen-related genes have been identified by the candidate genes and genome-wide association mapping approaches useful for marker-assisted selection.

Grain protein content (GPC) is one of the most important quality traits in wheat, defining the nutritional and end-use properties and rheological characteristics. Over the years, a number of breeding programs have been developed aimed to improving GPC, most of them having been prevented by the negative correlation with grain yield. To overcome this issue, a collection of durum wheat germplasm was evaluated for both GPC and grain protein deviation (GPD) in seven field trials. Fourteen candidate genes involved in several processes related to nitrogen metabolism were precisely located on two high-density consensus maps of common and durum wheat, and six of them were found to be highly associated with both traits. The wheat collection was genotyped using the 90 K iSelect array, and 11 stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GPC were detected in at least three environments and the mean across environments by the genome-wide association mapping. Interestingly, seven QTL were co-migrating with N-related candidate genes. Four QTL were found to be significantly associated to increases of GPD, indicating that selecting for GPC could not affect final grain yield per spike. The combined approaches of candidate genes and genome-wide association mapping led to a better understanding of the genetic relationships between grain storage proteins and grain yield per spike, and provided useful information for marker-assisted selection programs.

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Abbreviations

AlaAT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ASN:

Asparagine synthetase

CG:

Candidate gene

GDH:

Glutamate dehydrogenase

GOGAT:

Glutamate synthetase

GPC:

Grain protein content

GPD:

Grain protein deviation

GS:

Glutamine synthetase

GWAS:

Genome-wide association study

GY:

Grain yield

GYS:

Grain yield per spike

NIR:

Nitrite reductase

NR:

Nitrate reductase

NRT2:

Nitrate transporter

NUE:

Nitrogen use efficiency

PPDK:

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase

QTL:

Quantitative trait locus

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Acknowledgements

The research project was supported by grants from Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, project ‘ISCOCEM’, and from Regione Puglia “Programma regionale a sostegno della specializzazione intelligente e della sostenibilità sociale ed ambientale-FutureInResearch”.

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  1. Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    D. Nigro, G. Mangini, R. Simeone & A. Blanco

  2. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Research Unit of “Genetics and Plant Biotechnology”, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    A. Gadaleta, P. Colasuonno, I. Marcotuli, A. Giancaspro & S. L. Giove

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  1. D. Nigro
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Nigro, D., Gadaleta, A., Mangini, G. et al. Candidate genes and genome-wide association study of grain protein content and protein deviation in durum wheat. Planta 249, 1157–1175 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-03075-1

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