Abstract
Hari et al. (Brain 174:1373–1380, 2001) demonstrated that dyslexics showed a sluggish attention capture in both visual hemifields. Additionally, they indicated a left–right asymmetry in the perception of temporal order of two visual stimuli (they performed worse than controls only if the stimulus in the left hemifield preceded that in right hemifield). They suggested that a left-sided minineglect is associated with dyslexia. We hypothesized that if a kind of neglect syndrome is responsible for the asymmetry they found, dyslexics should not only show a left–right asymmetry in temporal order judgment of two laterally presented stimuli but also perform equally well as controls when the stimuli are vertically aligned. Our results indicated that in both tasks dyslexics performed generally worse than normal readers. The results suggest that dyslexics suffer from a more general problem of order discrimination.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Adaptation of TOWRE test was prepared by Marcin Szczerbiński, The University of Sheffield, UK.
References
Behrmann M., Moscovitch M., Black S. E., & Mozer, M. (1990). Perceptual and conceptual factors in neglect dyslexia: Two contrasting case studies. Brain, 113, 1163–1183.
Berwanger, D. (2002). Untersuchung der zeitlichen Diskriminationsfähigkeit bei Kindern mit einer Sprachentwicklungsstörung und/oder Lese-Rechtschreibstörung. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universität München.
Brannan J. R., & Williams, M. C. (1987). Allocation of visual attention in good and poor readers. Perception & Psychophysics, 41, 23–28.
Brannan J. R., & Williams M. C. (1988). Developmental versus sensory deficit effects on perceptual processing in the reading disabled. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 437–444.
Casco, C., & Prunetti, E. (1996). Visual search of good and poor readers: Effects with targets having single and combined features. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 1155–1167.
De Martino, S., Espesser, R., Rey, V., & Habib, M. (2001). The “temporal processing deficit” hypothesis in dyslexia: New experimental evidence. Brain and Cognition, 46, 104–108.
DiLollo, V., Hanson, D., & McIntyre, J. S. (1983). Initial stages of visual information processing in dyslexia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 923–935.
Eckert, M. A., Leonard, C. M., Richards, T. L., Aylward, E. H., Thomson, J., & Berninger, V. W. (2003). Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: Frontal and cerebellar findings. Brain, 126, 482–494.
Facoetti, A., Lorusso, M. L., Cattaneo, C., Galli, R., & Molteni, M. (2005). Visual and attentional capture are both sluggish in children with developmental dyslexia. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 65, 61–72.
Facoetti, A., Lorusso, M. L., Paganoni, P., Cattaneo, C., Galli, R., & Mascetti, G. G. (2003a). The time course of attentional focusing in dyslexic and normally reading children. Brain and Cognition, 53, 181–184.
Facoetti, A., Lorusso, M. L., Paganoni, P., Cattaneo, C., Galli, R., Umilta, C., et al. (2003b). Auditory and visual automatic attention deficits in developmental dyslexia. Cognitive Brain Research, 16, 185–191.
Facoetti, A., Lorusso, M. L., Paganoni, P., Umilta, C., & Mascetti, G. G. (2003c). The role of visuospatial attention in developmental dyslexia: Evidence from a rehabilitation study. Cognitive Brain Research, 15, 154–164.
Facoetti, A., & Molteni, M. (2001). The gradient of visual attention in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 39, 352–357.
Facoetti, A., Paganoni, P., & Lorusso, M. L. (2000). The spatial distribution of visual attention in developmental dyslexia. Experimental Brain Research, 132, 531–538.
Facoetti, A., & Turatto, M. (2000). Asymmetrical visual fields distribution of attention in dyslexic children: A neuropsychological study. Neuroscience Letters, 290, 216–218.
Facoetti, A., Turatto, M., Lorusso, M. L., & Mascetti, G. G. (2001). Orienting of visual attention in dyslexia: Evidence for asymmetric hemispheric control of attention. Experimental Brain Research, 138, 46–53.
Farmer, M. E., & Klein, R. M. (1995). The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Reviews, 2, 460–493.
Friedmann, N., & Nachman-Katz, I. (2004). Developmental neglect dyslexia in a Hebrew-reading child. Cortex, 40, 301–313.
Hari, R., Renvall, H., & Tanskanen, T. (2001). Left minineglect in dyslexic adults. Brain, 124, 1373–1380.
Hari, R., Valta, M., & Uutela, K. (1999). Prolonged attentional dwell time in dyslexic adults. Neuroscience Letters, 271, 202–204.
Hayduk, S., Bruck, M., & Cavanagh, P. (1996). Low-level visual processing skills of adults and children with dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 975–1015.
Iles, J., Walsh, V., & Richardson, A. (2000). Visual search performance in dyslexia. Dyslexia, 6, 163–177.
Jaśkowski, P., & Rusiak, P. (2005). Posterior parietal cortex and developmental dyslexia. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 65, 79–94.
Jaworowska, A., & Szustrowa, T. (1992). Podręcznik do Testu Matryc Ravena. Wersja dla Zaawansowanych [Polish version of the Raven PM]. Warszawa: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych.
Ládavas, E., Umilta, C., & Mapelli, D. (1997). Lexical and semantic processing in the absence of word reading: Evidence from neglect dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1075–1085.
Mangels, J. A., Ivry, R. B., & Shimuzu, N. (1998). Dissociable contributions of the prefrontal and neocerebellar cortex to time perception. Cognitive Brain Research, 7, 15–39.
May, J. G., Williams, M. C., & Dunlap, W. P. (1988). Temporal order judgments in good and poor readers. Neuropsychologia, 26, 917–924.
McCloskey, R. L., & Kidder, H. C. (1980). Auditory fusion among learning disabled, reading disabled, and normal children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 18–25.
Ober, J., Jaśkowska, E., Jaśkowski, P., & Ober, J. J. (1998). Propozycja nowej metody oceny rozwoju funkcji czytania—test słów i zdań łańcuchowych. Logopedia, 25, 81–96.
Pastor, M. A., & Artieda, J. (2002). Time estimation and reproduction is abnormal in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 115, 211–225.
Perin, D. (1983). Phonemic segmentation and spelling. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 129–144.
Polikoff, B. R., Evans, B. J. W., & Legg, C. R. (1995). Is there a visual deficit in dyslexia resulting from a lesion of the right posterior parietal lobe. Ophthalmology and Physiological Optics, 15, 513–517.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33, 3–25.
Riesen, J. M., & Schnider, A. (2001). Time estimation in Parkinson’s disease: Normal long duration estimation estimate impaired. Journal of Neurology, 248, 27–35.
Scharlau, I., & Ansorge, U. (2003). Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming. Vision Research, 43, 1351–1363.
Shimojo, S., Miyauchi, S., & Hikosaka, O. (1997). Visual motion sensation yielded by non-visually driven attention. Vision Research, 37, 1575–1580.
Spence, C., Shore, D. I., & Klein, R. M. (2001). Multisensory prior entry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 799–832.
Stein, J. (2001). The sensory basis of reading problems. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 509–534.
Stein, J. (2003). Visual motion sensitivity and reading. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1785–1793.
Stein J., Talcott J., & Witton, C. (2001). The sensorimotor basis of developmental dyslexia. In A. J. Fawcett (Ed.), Dyslexia: Theory and good practice (pp. 65–88). UK: Athenaeum Press.
Stein, J., & Walsh, V. (1997). To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends in Neuroscience, 20, 147–152.
Tallal, P. (1980). Auditory temporal perception, phonic, and reading disabilities in children. Brain and Language, 9, 182–198.
Tallal, P., & Piercy, M. (1973a). Developmental aphasia: impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality. Neuropsychologia, 11, 389–398.
Tallal, P., & Piercy, M. (1973b). Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children developmental aphasia. Nature, 241, 468–469.
Timman, D., Monaco, C., McMichael, H., Tyson, K., Chambliss, C., Christensen, H.L., et al. (1998). Information processing characteristics of explicit time estimation by patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 515–526.
Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Test of Word Reading Efficiency. Austin, TX: PRO-ED Publishing, Inc.
Vidyasagar, T. R., & Pammer, K. (1999). Impaired visual search in dyslexia relates to the role of the magnocellular pathway in attention. NeuroReport, 10, 1283.
Acknowledgment
We thank Ingrid Scharlau and Simmone DallaBella for their very helpful suggestions. We also thank Joanna Hejmej and Magdalena Piwowarska for their technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jaśkowski, P., Rusiak, P. Temporal order judgment in dyslexia. Psychological Research 72, 65–73 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-006-0093-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-006-0093-z