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Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease

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Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as disturbances in the pro-/antioxidant balance, is harmful to cells due to the excessive generation of highly reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. When the balance is not disturbed, OS has a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, an excessive amount of ROS and RNS results in the oxidation of biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Oxidative stress has been reported in kidney disease, due to both antioxidant depletions as well as increased ROS production. The kidney is a highly metabolic organ, rich in oxidation reactions in mitochondria, which makes it vulnerable to damage caused by OS, and several studies have shown that OS can accelerate kidney disease progression. Also, in patients at advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), increased OS is associated with complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and anemia. In this review, we aim to describe OS and its influence on CKD progression and its complications. We also discuss the potential role of various antioxidants and pharmacological agents, which may represent potential therapeutic targets to reduce OS in both pediatric and adult CKD patients.

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Abbreviations

ADMA:

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

ARE:

Antioxidant response element

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

eNOS:

Endothelium nitric oxide synthase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSH-PX:

Glutathione peroxidase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HO-1:

Heme oxygenase-1

IS:

Indoxyl sulfate

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NADPH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

NQO1:

NADPH quinone oxidoreductase

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

O2 •− :

Superoxide anion

OS:

Oxidative stress

OxLDL:

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SDMA:

Symmetric dimethylarginine

Se:

Selenium

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

XO:

Xanthine oxidase

XDH:

Xanthine dehydrogenase

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Funding

DM is supported by the Clinical Research Fund of UZ Leuven, by the Fund for Scientific Research G0B1313N, and by a research grant from the European Society for Pediatric Nephrology. FJ is a Fellow of the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique.

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  1. Kristien Daenen and Asmin Andries contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Kristien Daenen & Bert Bammens

  2. Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Kristien Daenen & Bert Bammens

  3. Department of Nephrology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Kristien Daenen

  4. Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Asmin Andries & Ann Van Schepdael

  5. Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD Group, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Djalila Mekahli

  6. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Djalila Mekahli

  7. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liège Hospital (ULg CHU), Liège, Belgium

    François Jouret

  8. Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Science, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    François Jouret

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  1. Kristien Daenen
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  2. Asmin Andries
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  3. Djalila Mekahli
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  6. Bert Bammens
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Correspondence to Kristien Daenen.

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Daenen, K., Andries, A., Mekahli, D. et al. Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 34, 975–991 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4005-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4005-4

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