Abstract
The main problem in dealing with energy-harvesting (EH) sensor nodes is represented by the scarcity and non-stationarity of powering, due to the nature of the renewable energy sources. In this work, the authors address the problem of task scheduling in processors located in sensor nodes powered by EH sources. Some interesting solutions have appeared in the literature in the recent past, as the lazy scheduling algorithm (LSA), which represents a performing mix of scheduling effectiveness and ease of implementation. With the aim of achieving a more efficient and conservative management of energy resources, a new improved LSA solution is here proposed. Indeed, the automatic ability of foreseeing at run-time the task energy starving (i.e. the impossibility of finalizing a task due to the lack of power) is integrated within the original LSA approach. Moreover, some modifications have been applied in order to reduce the LSA computational complexity and thus maximizing the amount of energy available for task execution. The resulting technique, namely energy-aware LSA, has then been tested in comparison with the original one, and a relevant performance improvement has been registered both in terms of number of executable tasks and in terms of required computational burden.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beeby S, White N (2010) Energy harvesting for autonomous systems. Artech House Publishers, Boston
Hagras EAAA, EI-Saied D, Aly HH (2011) Energy efficient key management scheme based on elliptic curve signcryption for wireless sensor networks. In: 28th National radio science conference (NRSC), pp 1–9
Sun P, Zhang X, Dong Z, Zhang Y (2008) A novel energy efficient wireless sensor MAC protocol. In: Fourth international conference on networked computing and advanced information management (NCM ‘08), pp 68–72
Liu Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Zhang A, Jiang Z (2010) Small world-based query mechanism. In: International symposium on intelligence information processing and trusted computing (IPTC), 28–29 Oct. 2010, pp 250–253
Ting Y, Ang L, Jiaowen W, Zhiheng C, Zhang Q (2011) A fast fasten control algorithm for wireless sensor networks. In: 3rd international workshop on intelligent systems and applications (ISA), 28–29 May 2011, pp 1–4
Tao LQ, Qi Yu F (2010) ECODA: enhanced congestion detection and avoidance for multiple class of traffic in sensor networks. In: IEEE transactions on consumer electronics, vol 56(3), pp 1387–1394
Liu S, Lu J, Wu Q, Qiu Q (2011) Harvesting-aware power management for real-time systems with renewable energy. In: IEEE transactions on very large scale integration (VLSI) systems, pp 1–14
Tuming W, Sijia Y, Hailong W (2010) A dynamic voltage scaling algorithm for wireless sensor networks. In: 3rd international conference on advanced computer theory and engineering (ICACTE), pp V1-554–V1-557
Ravinagarajan A, Dondi D, Rosing TS (2010) DVFS based task scheduling in a harvesting WSN for structural health monitoring. In: Design, automation and test in Europe conference and exhibition (DATE), pp 1518–1523
Liu S, Lu J, Wu Q, Qiu Q (2010) Load-matching adaptive task scheduling for energy efficiency in energy harvesting real-time embedded systems. In: ACM/IEEE international symposium on low-power electronics and design (ISLPED), pp 325–330
Renner C, Meier F, Turau V (2012) Policies for predictive energy management with supercapacitors. In: IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops (PERCOM workshops), pp 314–319
Carli D, Brunelli D, Benini L, Ruggeri M (2011) An effective multi-source energy harvester for low power applications. In: Design, automation and test in Europe conference and exhibition (DATE), pp 1–6
Huang C, Chakrabartty S (2011) A hybrid energy scavenging sensor for long-term mechanical strain monitoring. In: 2011 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems (ISCAS), pp 2473–2476
Lu J, Liu S, Wu Q, Qiu Q (2010) Accurate modeling and prediction of energy availability in energy harvesting real-time embedded systems. In: International green computing conference, pp 469–476
Sharma N, Gummeson J, Irwin D, Shenoy P (2010) Cloudy computing: leveraging weather forecasts in energy harvesting sensor systems. In: 7th annual IEEE communications society conference on sensor mesh and ad hoc communications and networks (SECON), pp 1–9
Misra S, Majd NE, Huang H (2011) Constrained relay node placement in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE 8th international conference on mobile adhoc and sensor systems (MASS), pp 25–34
Wang F, Wang D, Liu J (2012) EleSense: elevator-assisted wireless sensor data collection for high-rise structure monitoring. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, pp 163–171
Zhao Y, Li F (2012) On maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks using virtual backbone scheduling. In: IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, pp 1528–1535
Zairi S, Zouari B, Niel E, Dumitrescu E (2012) Nodes self-scheduling approach for maximizing wireless sensor network lifetime based on remaining energy. In: Wireless sensor systems, IET, pp 52–62
Toyoda S, Sato F (2012) Energy-effective clustering algorithm based on adjacent nodes and residual electric power in wireless sensor networks. In: 26th International conference on advanced information networking and applications workshops (WAINA), pp 601–606
Fateh B, Manimaran G (2010) Energy-aware joint scheduling of tasks and messages in wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE international symposium on parallel and distributed processing, workshops and Phd forum (IPDPSW), pp 1–4
Dai L, Shen Z, Chang Y (2010) DTSWC: a task scheduling algorithm in wireless sensor networks with co-processor based on divisible load theory. In: International conference on computer and communication technologies in agriculture engineering (CCTAE), vol 3, pp 494-497
Jin Y, Wei D, Gluhak A, Moessner K (2010) Latency and energy-consumption optimized task allocation in wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), pp 1–6
De Pauw T, Verstichel S, Volckaert B, De Turck F, Ongenae V (2010) Resource-aware scheduling of distributed ontological reasoning tasks in wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE international conference on sensor networks, ubiquitous, and trustworthy computing (SUTC), pp 131–137
Moser C, Brunelli D, Thiele L, Benini L (2006) Lazy scheduling for energy-harvesting sensor nodes. In: Fifth working conference on distributed and parallel embedded systems, DIPES, pp 125–134, Braga, Portugal, October 11–13 2006
Moser C, Brunelli D, Thiele L, Benini L (2007) Real-time scheduling for energy harvesting sensor nodes. Real Time Syst 37(3):233–260
Chetto M, Zhang H (2010) Performance evaluation of real-time scheduling heuristics for energy harvesting systems. In: The 2010 international symposium on energy-aware computing and networking (EaCN-2010), Hangzhou, China
Krüger D, Fischer S, Buschmann C (2009) Solar power harvesting—modeling and experiences, vol 8. GI/ITG KuVS Fachgespräch Drahtlose Sensornetze
Bergonzini C, Brunelli D, Benini L (2009) Algorithms for harvested energy prediction in batteryless wireless sensor networks. In: 3rd international workshop on advances in sensors and interfaces (IWASI 2009)
Piorno JR, Bergonzini C, Atienza D, Rosing TS (2009) Prediction and management in energy harvested wireless sensor nodes. In: 1st international conference on wireless communication, vehicular technology, information theory and aerospace and electronic systems technology (wireless VITAE)
Cymbet Corporation, CBC-EVAL-09 Data Sheet (2011) [Online] URL: www.cymbet.com/pdfs/DS-72-13.pdf
Texas Instruments (2009) eZ430-RF2500 development tool user’s guide. [Online] URL: www.ti.com/lit/ug/slau227e/slau227e.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Severini, M., Squartini, S. & Piazza, F. Energy-aware lazy scheduling algorithm for energy-harvesting sensor nodes. Neural Comput & Applic 23, 1899–1908 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1088-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1088-x