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Deep learning techniques for classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) signals: a review

  • S.I.: Machine Learning for Big Data Analytics in Smart Healthcare Systems
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Abstract

The brain–computer interface (BCI) is an emerging technology that has the potential to revolutionize the world, with numerous applications ranging from healthcare to human augmentation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) is among the most common BCI paradigms that have been used extensively in smart healthcare applications such as post-stroke rehabilitation and mobile assistive robots. In recent years, the contribution of deep learning (DL) has had a phenomenal impact on MI-EEG-based BCI. In this work, we systematically review the DL-based research for MI-EEG classification from the past ten years. This article first explains the procedure for selecting the studies and then gives an overview of BCI, EEG, and MI systems. The DL-based techniques applied in MI classification are then analyzed and discussed from four main perspectives: preprocessing, input formulation, deep learning architecture, and performance evaluation. In the discussion section, three major questions about DL-based MI classification are addressed: (1) Is preprocessing required for DL-based techniques? (2) What input formulations are best for DL-based techniques? (3) What are the current trends in DL-based techniques? Moreover, this work summarizes MI-EEG-based applications, extensively explores public MI-EEG datasets, and gives an overall visualization of the performance attained for each dataset based on the reviewed articles. Finally, current challenges and future directions are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (DRI-KSU-1354).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences (CCIS), King Saud University, Riyadh, 11543, Saudi Arabia

    Hamdi Altaheri, Ghulam Muhammad, Mansour Alsulaiman, Syed Umar Amin, Ghadir Ali Altuwaijri, Wadood Abdul & Mohamed A. Bencherif

  2. Computer Sciences and Information Technology College, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

    Ghadir Ali Altuwaijri

  3. College of Applied Computer Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed Faisal

  4. Center of Smart Robotics Research, CCIS, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Hamdi Altaheri, Ghulam Muhammad, Mansour Alsulaiman, Syed Umar Amin, Ghadir Ali Altuwaijri, Wadood Abdul, Mohamed A. Bencherif & Mohammed Faisal

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  1. Hamdi Altaheri
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Altaheri, H., Muhammad, G., Alsulaiman, M. et al. Deep learning techniques for classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) signals: a review. Neural Comput & Applic 35, 14681–14722 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06352-5

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