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Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Mexican Alnus forests support the host co-migration hypothesis and continental-scale patterns in phylogeography

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Abstract

To examine the geographic patterns in Alnus-associated ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal assemblages and determine how they may relate to host plant biogeography, we studied ECM assemblages associated with two Alnus species (Alnus acuminata and Alnus jorullensis) in montane Mexico and compared them with Alnus-associated ECM assemblages located elsewhere in the Americas. ECM root samples were collected from four sites in Mexico (two per host species), identified with ITS and LSU rRNA gene sequences, and assessed using both taxon- (richness, diversity, evenness indices) and sequence divergence-based (UniFrac clustering and significance) analyses. Only 23 ECM taxa were encountered. Clavulina, an ECM lineage never before reported with Alnus, contained the dominant taxon overall. ECM assemblage structure varied between hosts, but UniFrac significance tests indicated that both associated with similar ECM lineage diversity. There was a strikingly high sequence similarity among a diverse array of the ECM taxa in Mexico and those in Alnus forests in Argentina, the United States, and Europe. The Mexican and United States assemblages had greater overlap than those present in Argentina, supporting the host–ECM fungi co-migration hypothesis from a common north temperate origin. Our results indicate that Alnus-associated ECM assemblages have clear patterns in richness and composition across a wide range of geographic locations. Additional data from boreal western North America as well as the eastern United States and Canada will be particularly informative in further understanding the co-biogeographic patterns of Alnus and ECM fungi in the Americas.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank A. Kong for assistance in identifying the location of Malinche site 2, G. Williams-Linera and C. Alvarez for assistance in locating Naolinco site 1, L. Mora for assistance with soil analyses, and P-A. Moreau and P. B. Matheny for access to data presented in Fig. 3 as well as discussions about Alnus-associated taxa in the genus Inocybe. A. Amend, G. Bonilla, R. Molina, M. Palomino, K. Peay, F. Reverchon, E. Vellinga, M. Weber, and two reviewers provided many constructive comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Funding was provided by the Lewis & Clark College Student Academic Affairs Board (L.M. Higgins), a Lewis & Clark College Rogers Summer Research fellowship (L.M. Higgins and P.G. Kennedy), UNAM-PAPIIT IN218210 (R. Garibay-Orijel), a CIES Fulbright-Garcia Robles award (P.G. Kennedy), and National Science Foundation grant DEB-1020735 (P.G. Kennedy).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, USA

    Peter G. Kennedy & Logan M. Higgins

  2. Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, D.F., Mexico

    Roberto Garibay-Orijel & Rodolfo Angeles-Arguiz

  3. 0615 S.W. Palatine Hill Rd, Portland, OR, 97219, USA

    Peter G. Kennedy

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  1. Peter G. Kennedy
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  2. Roberto Garibay-Orijel
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  4. Rodolfo Angeles-Arguiz
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Correspondence to Peter G. Kennedy.

Electronic supplementary materials

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

S1

Location of the four field sites in Mexico. Map images modified from MapQuest and Google Earth. (PDF 4.00 mb)

S2

Results of UNITE and NCBI database queries for the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) taxa sampled on Alnus acuminata and A. jorullensis. (PDF 613 kb)

S3

Results of UNITE and NCBI database queries for the EMF taxa sampled on P. montezumae. (PDF 610 kb)

S4

A weighted UniFrac Jackknife cluster analysis of the EMF assemblages present at the four study sites. Node values represent percent of Jackknife grouping based on 1,000 replications. UniFrac tests of significance revealed no significant differences in lineage evolution among sites despite the strong clustering of assemblages by host species. The scale bar indicates distance among clusters in UniFrac units (a distance of 0 means that the two sites have identical EMF lineages and a distance of 1 means that the two sites contain mutually exclusive EMF lineages). Very similar results were obtained for an unweighted UniFrac analysis of the same data. (PDF 123 kb)

S5

Pair-wise comparisons between various EMF taxa in the genera Tomentella, Cortinarius, Lactarius, and Inocybe. Comparisons were conducted on using the alignment function in NCBI BLAST(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi?PAGE=Nucleotides& (PDF 401 kb) PROGRAM=blastn&BLAST_PROGRAMS=megaBlast&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch& HOW_DEFAULTS=on&BLAST_SPEC=blast2seq &QUERY=&SUBJECTS=). Taxa are designated here by their GenBank, UNITE, or collection number and correspond with those presented in Fig. 3. Values represent percent of similarity with the number of matching bases out of the total in parentheses. (PDF 1.22 mb)

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Kennedy, P.G., Garibay-Orijel, R., Higgins, L.M. et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Mexican Alnus forests support the host co-migration hypothesis and continental-scale patterns in phylogeography. Mycorrhiza 21, 559–568 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0366-2

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