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A review on recent advancements in electrochemical biosensing using carbonaceous nanomaterials

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Abstract

This review, with 201 references, describes the recent advancement in the application of carbonaceous nanomaterials as highly conductive platforms in electrochemical biosensing. The electrochemical biosensing is described in introduction by classifying biosensors into catalytic-based and affinity-based biosensors and statistically demonstrates the most recent published works in each category. The introduction is followed by sections on electrochemical biosensors configurations and common carbonaceous nanomaterials applied in electrochemical biosensing, including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanospheres. In the following sections, carbonaceous catalytic-based and affinity-based biosensors are discussed in detail. In the category of catalytic-based biosensors, a comparison between enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors is carried out. Regarding the affinity-based biosensors, scholarly articles related to biological elements such as antibodies, deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) and aptamers are discussed in separate sections. The last section discusses recent advancements in carbonaceous screen-printed electrodes as a growing field in electrochemical biosensing. Tables are presented that give an overview on the diversity of analytes, type of materials and the sensors performance. Ultimately, general considerations, challenges and future perspectives in this field of science are discussed. Recent findings suggest that interests towards 2D nanostructured electrodes based on graphene and its derivatives are still growing in the field of electrochemical biosensing. That is because of their exceptional electrical conductivity, active surface area and more convenient production methods compared to carbon nanotubes.

Schematic representation of carbonaceous nanomaterials used in electrochemical biosensing. The content is classified into non-enzymatic sensors and affinity/ catalytic biosensors. Recent publications are tabulated and compared, considering materials, target, limit of detection and linear range of detection.

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Abbreviations

3DCNSs:

Three-dimensional carbon nanospheres

3DG:

Three-dimensional graphene

3DGF:

Three-dimensional graphene foam

3DNG:

Three-dimensional nitrogen doped–graphene

3DrGO:

Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide

CQDs:

Carbon quantum dots

CMWCNTs:

Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes

CNFs:

Carbon nanofibers

CNOs:

Carbon nano-onions

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

CNPs:

Carbon nanoparticles

ERGO:

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide

GO:

Graphene oxide

GQDs:

Graphene quantum dots

Gr:

Graphene

GrF:

Graphene flakes

GMC:

Graphitized mesoporous carbons

rGA:

Reduced graphene oxide aerogel

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

rGONRs:

Reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons

MrGO:

Magnetic reduced graphene oxide

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

NG:

Nitrogen–doped graphene

NGQDs:

Nitrogen–doped graphene quantum dots

NGNRs:

Nitrogen–doped graphene nanoribbons

NSWCNTs:

Nitrogen–doped single-walled carbon nanotubes

PCNRs:

Porous carbon nanorods

PCNSs:

Porous carbon nanospheres

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Faculty of Engineering at McGill University, Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, G247765 and G248584) and Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI, G248924) for financial support. M.J. is grateful for MEDA award by the Faculty of Engineering at McGill University. The authors acknowledge Nanotools-Microfab and the Facility for Electron Microscopy Research at McGill University and the research facilities of NanoQAM at the Université du Québec à Montréal.

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  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran

    Alireza Sanati, Keyvan Raeissi, Fathallah Karimzadeh & Mahshid Kharaziha

  2. Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada

    Alireza Sanati, Mahsa Jalali & Sara Mahshid

  3. Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada

    Sahar Sadat Mahshid

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  1. Alireza Sanati
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Sanati, A., Jalali, M., Raeissi, K. et al. A review on recent advancements in electrochemical biosensing using carbonaceous nanomaterials. Microchim Acta 186, 773 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3854-2

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