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Ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, and physiological changes in the roots and leaves of pistachio rootstocks in response to salinity

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Abstract

Pistachio, one of the important tree nuts, is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions where salinity is the most common abiotic stress encountered by this tree. However, the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in this plant are not well understood. In the present study, five 1-year-old pistachio rootstocks (namely Akbari, Badami, Ghazvini, Kale-Ghouchi, and UCB-1) were treated with four saline water regimes (control, 8, 12, and 16 dS m−1) for 100 days. At high salinity level, all rootstocks showed decreased relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content (TCHC), and carotenoids in the leaf, while ascorbic acid (AsA) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were reduced in both leaf and root organs. In addition, the total phenolic compounds (TPC), proline, glycine betaine, total soluble carbohydrate (TSC), and H2O2 content increased under salinity stress in all studied rootstocks. Three different ion exclusion strategies were observed in the studied rootstocks: (i) Na+ exclusion in UCB-1, because most of its Na+ is retained in the roots; (ii) Cl− exclusion in Badami, in which most of its Cl− remained in the roots; and (iii) similar concentrations of Na+ and Cl− were observed in the leaves and roots of Ghazvini, Akbari, and Kale-Ghouchi. Transport capacity (ST value) of K+ over Na+ from the roots to the leaves was more observable in UCB-1 and Ghazvini. Overall, the root system cooperated more effectively in UCB-1 and Badami for retaining and detoxifying an excessive amount of Na+ and Cl−. The results presented here provide important inputs to better understand the salt tolerance mechanism in a tree species for developing more salt-tolerant genotypes. Based on the results obtained here, the studied rootstocks from tolerant to susceptible are arranged as follows: UCB-1 > Badami > Ghazvini > Kale-Ghouchi > Akbari.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran

    Mohammad Akbari & Nasser Mahna

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA

    Mohammad Akbari & Katam Ramesh

  3. Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Ali Bandehagh

  4. Laboratorio di Biologia e Proteomica Vegetale, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy

    Silvia Mazzuca

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  1. Mohammad Akbari
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  2. Nasser Mahna
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  4. Ali Bandehagh
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Akbari, M., Mahna, N., Ramesh, K. et al. Ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, and physiological changes in the roots and leaves of pistachio rootstocks in response to salinity. Protoplasma 255, 1349–1362 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1235-z

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