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Origin of siderite mineralisation in Petrova and Trgovska Gora Mts., NW Dinarides

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Abstract

The Petrova and Trgovska Gora Mts. (Gora=Mountain) are Variscan basement units incorporated into the northwestern Dinarides during the Alpine orogeny. They host numerous siderite-quartz-polysulphide, siderite-chalcopyrite, siderite-galena and barite veins, as well as stratabound hydrothermal-replacement ankerite bodies within carbonates in non-metamorphosed, flysch-like Permo-Carboniferous sequences. The deposits have been mined for Cu, Pb, Ag and Fe ores since Medieval times. Fluid inclusion studies of quartz from siderite-polysulphide-quartz and barite veins of both regions have shown the presence of primary aqueous NaCl−CaCl2±MgCl2−H2O±CO2 inclusions. The quartz-sulphide stage of both regions show variable salinities; 2.7–26.2 wt% NaCl eq. for the Trgovska Gora region and 3.4–23.4 wt% NaCl eq. for the Petrova gora region, and similar homogenisation temperatures (100–230°C). Finally, barite is precipitated from low salinity-low temperature solutions (3.7–15.8 wt % NaCl equ. and 115–145°C). P-t conditions estimated via isochore construction yield formation temperatures between 180–250°C for the quartz-sulphide stage and 160–180°C for the barite stage, using a maximum lithostatic pressure of 1 kbar (cc. 3 km of overburden). The sulphur isotope composition of barite from both deposits indicates the involvement of Permian seawater in ore fluids. This is supported by the elevated bromium content of the fluid inclusion leachates (120–660 ppm in quartz, 420–960 ppm in barite) with respect to the seawater, indicating evaporated seawater as the major portion of the ore-forming fluids. Variable sulphur isotope compositions of galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite, between −3.2 and +2.7‰, are interpreted as a product of incomplete thermal reduction of the Permian marine sulphate mixed with organically- and pyrite-bound sulphur from the host sedimentary rocks. Ore-forming fluids are interpreted as deep-circulating fluids derived primarily from evaporated Permian seawater and later modified by interaction with the Variscan basement rocks. 40Ar/39Ar data of the detrital mica from the host rocks yielded the Variscan age overprinted by an Early Permian tectonothermal event dated at 266–274 Ma. These ages are interpreted as those reflecting hydrothermal activity correlated with an incipient intracontinental rifting in the Tethyan domain. Nevertheless, 75 Ma recorded at a fine-grained sericite sample from the alteration zone is interpreted as a result of later resetting of white mica during Campanian opening/closure of the Sava back arc in the neighbouring Sava suture zone (Ustaszewski et al. 2008).

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Acknowledgements

V. Hurai and F. Molnar are greatly appreciated for reviewing the former version of the manuscript. We acknowledge associated editor Paul G. Spry for critical review. This paper is a result of a large-scale study and research activity under the projects 119-0982709-1175, 119-0000000-158 and 098-0982934-2742 of the Ministry of Science, Republic of Croatia, and the SCOPES Project No. 7KRPJ065483.01, to whom we express our sincere gratitude.

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  1. Department of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac bb, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, Ladislav A. Palinkaš, Sabina Strmić Palinkaš & Vladimir Bermanec

  2. Department Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A–5020, Salzburg, Austria

    Franz Neubauer

  3. Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, University of Lausanne, BFSH–2, CH–1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Jorge Spangenberg

  4. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Montanuniversität, A–8700, Leoben, Austria

    Walter Prochaska

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Borojević Šoštarić, S., Palinkaš, L.A., Strmić Palinkaš, S. et al. Origin of siderite mineralisation in Petrova and Trgovska Gora Mts., NW Dinarides. Miner Petrol 97, 111–128 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-009-0065-2

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