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Mathematical model of single-propeller twin-rudder ship

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Abstract

A mathematical model of a single-propeller twin-rudder ship has been developed from captive and free running model experiments. An open water rudder experiment was carried out to figure out the characteristics of the rudder. Captive experiments in a towing tank were carried out to figure out the performance of a single-propeller twin-rudder system on a large vessel. Interactions between the hull, propeller and twin rudders, including mutual interactions between the twin rudders, were expressed with several coefficients that were calculated from the experimental results at various ship speeds. In the analysis, the unique characteristics of a single-propeller twin-rudder ship, which affects rudder forces, were explained and formulated in the mathematical model. The captive model tests were conducted with zero ship’s yaw rate, so the interaction coefficients, which are influenced by the yaw rate, are determined from free running model experiments. Validation of the mathematical model of a single-propeller twin-rudder system for a blunt body ship is carried out with an independent set of free running experiments, which were not used for determining the interaction coefficients. The validated numerical model is used for carrying out simulations. Based on simulation results, some recommendations have been proposed for installing a single-propeller twin-rudder system.

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Abbreviations

a H :

interaction force coefficient induced on ship hull by rudder normal force

A R :

rudder area

B :

ship breadth

C b :

block coefficient

C N :

rudder normal force coefficient

C 1, C 2, C 3 :

coefficients of polynomial representing propeller open water thrust characteristics

d :

ship draft

D P :

propeller diameter

f RS, f RP :

decrement ratio of inflow velocity for starboard and port rudder

F NS, F NP :

rudder normal force for starboard and port rudder

F NSM, F NPM :

measured rudder normal force in experiment for starboard and port rudder

h R :

rudder height

I zz :

yaw moment of inertia

J :

real propeller advance ratio

J s :

apparent propeller advance ratio

J zz :

added yaw moment of inertia

K T :

propeller thrust coefficient

k x :

coefficient indicating the rate of rudder inflow acceleration due to the propeller

L :

ship length

l RS, l RP :

flow straightening coefficient of yaw rate for starboard and port rudder

m :

ship mass

m x :

added mass in surge

m y :

added mass in sway

n :

propeller revolution

r :

yaw rate of ship

R(u):

ship resistance

s :

propeller slip ratio

S W :

ship’s wetted surface area

T M :

measured propeller thrust in experiment

t P0 :

thrust deduction factor in straight running

t P :

thrust deduction factor in maneuvering

t R :

coefficient for deduction of rudder drag

u :

surge velocity

\( U = \sqrt {u^{2} + v^{2} } \) :

ship velocity

u RS, u RP :

inflow velocity in surge direction to starboard and port rudder

u RSM, u RPM :

rudder inflow velocity calculated with measured rudder force for starboard and port rudder

u RSP, u RPP :

rudder inflow velocity due to propeller for starboard and port rudder

v :

sway velocity

v RS, v RP :

inflow velocity in sway direction to starboard and port rudder

x G :

location of center of gravity of ship in x-axis direction

x H :

location of acting point of interaction force induced on ship hull by rudder normal force

x P :

location of propeller in x-axis direction

x R :

location of rudder in x-axis direction

x t :

location of center of gravity of ship’s added mass in x-axis direction

X M :

measured force in x-axis direction during captive model test

w P0 :

effective propeller wake fraction in straight running

w P :

effective propeller wake fraction in maneuvering

w RS, w RP :

effective wake fraction for starboard and port rudder

α RS, α RP :

effective rudder inflow angle of starboard and port rudder

β :

drift angle of ship

δ S, δ P :

angle of starboard and port rudder

δ S0, δ P0 :

hydrodynamic neutral angle of starboard and port rudder

δ SP, δ PS :

variation of inflow rudder angle due to interaction between starboard and port rudder

ε S, ε P :

ratio of effective wake fraction in way of propeller and rudder

ρ :

water density

γ RS, γ RP :

flow straightening coefficient of sway velocity for starboard and port rudder

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Acknowledgments

Japan Hamworthy Co. Ltd. has initiated this research and offered the authors an opportunity to take part in and provide the maximum convenience. The authors would like to show their gratitude for their collaboration and contribution.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa city, IA, USA

    Donghoon Kang

  2. Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Vishwanath Nagarajan & Kazuhiko Hasegawa

  3. Department of Social and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

    Masaaki Sano

Authors
  1. Donghoon Kang
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  2. Vishwanath Nagarajan
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  3. Kazuhiko Hasegawa
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  4. Masaaki Sano
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vishwanath Nagarajan.

Appendix

Appendix

The numerical values of regression coefficients of different regression functions shown in the paper are presented in this appendix. In the figures, for ease of understanding, all the angles have been shown as degrees. However, all the regression coefficients presented here were estimated considering angles in radians (Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11).

Table 6 Hull and propeller interaction coefficients
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Table 7 Hull and twin-rudder interaction coefficients
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Table 8 Mutual interaction between twinrudders
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Table 9 Decrement of inflow velocity to twin rudders at tail outboard rudder angle
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Table 10 Effect of ship’s sway motion to inflow angle of twin rudders
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Table 11 Effect of ship’s yaw motion to inflow angle of twin rudders
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Kang, D., Nagarajan, V., Hasegawa, K. et al. Mathematical model of single-propeller twin-rudder ship. J Mar Sci Technol 13, 207–222 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-008-0027-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-008-0027-0

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