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Bottom-Up Variables Govern Large-Fire Size in Portugal

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Abstract

Large fires and their impacts are a growing concern as changes in climate and land use proceed. The study of large-fire controls remains incipient in comparison with other components of the fire regime. Improved understanding of large-fire size drivers can disclose fire–landscape relationships and inform more sustainable and effective fire management. We used boosted regression tree modeling to identify the variables influent on large-fire size (100–23,219 ha, n = 609) in Portugal (1998–2008) and quantify their relative importance, globally and across the fire-size range. Potential explanatory variables included metrics pertaining to fire weather and antecedent rainfall, burned area composition, fuel connectivity, pyrodiversity (from fire recurrence patterns), topography, and land development. Large fires seldom occurred in the absence of severe fire weather. The fire-size model accounted for 70% of the deviance and included 12 independent variables, of which six absorbed 91% of the explanation. Bottom-up influences on fire size, essentially fuel-related, largely outweighed climate–weather influences, with respective importance of 85 and 15%. Fire size was essentially indifferent to land-cover composition, including forest type, and increased with high fuel connectivity and low pyrodiversity. Relevant synergies between variables were found, either positive or negative, for example, high pyrodiversity buffered the effects of extreme weather on fire size. The relative role of fire-size drivers did not vary substantially with fire size, but fires larger than 500 ha were increasingly controlled by fuel-related variables. The extent of an individual large fire is mainly a function of factors that land-use planning and forest and fuel management can tackle.

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Notes

  1. Computed from EFFIS—European Forest Fire Information System data supplied by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/effis/) for the 1990–2011 period.

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Acknowledgements

This study contributes to project SUSTAINSYS—Environmental Sustainable Agro-Forestry Systems (NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-0000044), financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the North Operational Regional Programme (ON.2) and by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). We thank Erica Smithwick and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments that have improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    Paulo M. Fernandes, Tiago Monteiro-Henriques & Carlos Loureiro

  2. Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Tiago Monteiro-Henriques

  3. ICAAM, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal

    Nuno Guiomar

  4. Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA

    Ana M. G. Barros

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  1. Paulo M. Fernandes
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Correspondence to Paulo M. Fernandes.

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PMF conceived the study, performed research, and wrote the paper. TMH, NG, CL, and AMGB analyzed data and contributed to writing.

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Fernandes, P.M., Monteiro-Henriques, T., Guiomar, N. et al. Bottom-Up Variables Govern Large-Fire Size in Portugal. Ecosystems 19, 1362–1375 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-0010-2

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