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Spheres of discharge of springs

Sphères d’émergence des sources

Esferas de descarga de manantiales

摘要

Formas de descarga de nascentes

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Abstract

Although springs have been recognized as important, rare, and globally threatened ecosystems, there is as yet no consistent and comprehensive classification system or common lexicon for springs. In this paper, 12 spheres of discharge of springs are defined, sketched, displayed with photographs, and described relative to their hydrogeology of occurrence, and the microhabitats and ecosystems they support. A few of the spheres of discharge have been previously recognized and used by hydrogeologists for over 80 years, but others have only recently been defined geomorphologically. A comparison of these spheres of discharge to classification systems for wetlands, groundwater dependent ecosystems, karst hydrogeology, running waters, and other systems is provided. With a common lexicon for springs, hydrogeologists can provide more consistent guidance for springs ecosystem conservation, management, and restoration. As additional comprehensive inventories of the physical, biological, and cultural characteristics are conducted and analyzed, it will eventually be possible to associate spheres of discharge with discrete vegetation and aquatic invertebrate assemblages, and better understand the habitat requirements of rare or unique springs species. Given the elevated productivity and biodiversity of springs, and their highly threatened status, identification of geomorphic similarities among spring types is essential for conservation of these important ecosystems.

Résumé

Bien que les sources aient été reconnues comme des écosystèmes importants, rares, et globalement menacés, il n’y a jusqu’ici aucun système de classification cohérent et complet ni un lexique commun pour les sources. Dans cet article, 12 types de sources sont définis, schématisés, illustrés avec des photographies, et décrits en fonction de leur contexte hydrogéologique, et des microhabitats et des écosystèmes qu’elles soutiennent. Quelques uns de ces types ont été précédemment identifiées et employées par des hydrogéologues pendant plus de 80 ans, mais d’autres ont seulement été définies récemment sur le plan géomorphologique. Une comparaison de cette typologie aux systèmes de classification pour les zones humides, les écosystèmes dépendants d’eaux souterraines, l’hydrogéologie des karsts, les eaux courantes, et d’autres systèmes est fournie. En utilisant un lexique commun pour les sources, les hydrogéologues amélioreront la cohérence de leurs avis pour la protection, la gestion, et la restauration de leurs écosystèmes. En conduisant et analysant de nouveaux inventaires complets des caractéristiques physiques, biologiques, et culturales il sera par la suite possible d’associer à cette typologie la végétation distincte et les communautés d’invertébrés aquatiques, et de mieux comprendre les conditions d’habitat des espèces rares ou uniques aux sources. Etant donné la productivité et la biodiversité élevée des sources, et leur état fortement menacé, l’identification des similitudes géomorphologiques parmi des types de sources est essentielle pour la conservation de ces écosystèmes importants.

Resumen

Aunque los manantiales han sido reconocidos como ecosistemas importantes, raros y globalmente amenazados, no existe aún un sistema de clasificación consistente y completo o un léxico común para manantiales. En este trabajo se definen, se bosquejan y se muestran fotografías de doce esferas de descarga de manantiales, descriptos con respecto a su ocurrencia hidrogeológica, sus micro-hábitats y los ecosistemas que sostienen. Unas pocas de tales esferas de descarga han sido previamente reconocidas y utilizadas por hidrogeólogos en los últimos ochenta años, y otras han sido recientemente definidas geomorfológicamente. Se presenta una comparación de estas esferas con respecto a humedales, ecosistemas que dependen de agua subterránea, hidrogeología cárstica, aguas corrientes y otros sistemas. Con un léxico común para manantiales, los hidrogeólogos pueden proveer guías más consistentes para la conservación de los ecosistemas, su gestión y su restauración. A medida que inventarios completos de las características físicas, biológicas y culturales sean recopilados y analizados, eventualmente será posible asociar a las esferas de descarga con colecciones discretas de vegetación e invertebrados acuáticos, y emergerá un mejor entendimiento de las especies raras o únicas de los manantiales. Debido a la elevada productividad y biodiversidad de los manantiales, y su estado altamente amenazado, la identificación de las similitudes geomórficas entre tipos de manantiales resulta esencial para la conservación de estos importantes ecosistemas.

泉域的分类

虽然泉已经被公认为是重要的、稀有的,而且在世界范围内到威胁的生态系统, 但至今仍没有一个统一的、全面的分类方法或一个公认的泉词典。 本文判别、勾画出了12种泉域, 并描绘在图和照片中, 还描述了它们赋存的水文地质结构, 以及它们所维持的微观生境和生态系统。少数几种泉域以前已经确定, 并且已经为水文地质工作者使用超过80年, 但其它的都是最近才从地貌上确定下来。 将这些泉域同湿地、依赖地下水的生态系统、岩溶水、地表水及其他系统的分类体系做了比较。 应用一个公认的泉词典, 水文地质工作者可以为泉生态系统的保护、管理及恢复提供更系统的指导。 通过对物理、生物学、以及耕作特征的全面补充统计分析, 最终将泉域同分散的植被和水生无脊椎动物群落联系起来, 更好地了解那些珍稀、独特的泉种群的生存条件。 基于泉的产能高、生物多样性好和它们受到高度威胁的现状, 确定泉类型的地貌相似性对于这些重要的生态系统的保护是非常必要的。

Resumo

As nascentes são reconhecidas como ecossistemas importantes, raros e globalmente ameaçados. No entanto, ainda não existe um sistema consistente e compreensivo de classificação, ou um léxico comum para as nascentes. Neste artigo, definem-se 12 formas de descarga de nascentes, que são esquematizadas, ilustradas com fotografias, e descritas relativamente ao seu significado hidrogeológico. São também descritos os micro-habitats e os ecossistemas que dependem destas nascentes. Algumas das formas de descarga das nascentes já foram previamente identificadas e utilizadas por hidrogeólogos durante mais de 80 anos, mas outras apenas recentemente foram definidas e apenas do ponto de vista geomorfológico. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma comparação dos modos de descarga das nascentes com sistemas de classificação das zonas húmidas, dos ecossistemas dependentes de água subterrânea, dos sistemas hidrogeológicos cársicos, das águas correntes e outros sistemas. Com um léxico comum para as nascentes, os hidrogeólogos poderão proporcionar linhas directrizes mais consistentes para a conservação, gestão e restauração dos ecossistemas associados às nascentes. À medida que forem sendo realizados e analisados inventários compreensíveis das características físicas, biológicas e culturais das nascentes, poderá ser possível relacionar as formas das nascentes com associações discretas de vegetação e grupos de invertebrados aquáticos e entender melhor as necessidades de habitat de espécies raras e únicas associadas às nascentes. Tendo em conta a elevada produtividade e biodiversidade das nascentes, bem como as ameaças a que estão sujeitas, torna-se fundamental identificar as semelhanças geomorfológicas entre tipos de nascentes, de modo a conservar estes importantes ecossistemas.

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Acknowledgements

This manuscript was partially prepared while Dr. Springer was a Fulbright Visiting Chair at the University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Additional support from the National Park Service, Salt River Project, US Forest Service, Arizona Water Protection Fund, and Arizona Water Institute contributed to the data collection and analyses. Dr. Stevens work was supported, in part, by the Gordon Family Foundation, and his sketches of springs were skillfully rendered as finished drawings by V. Leshyk of Northern Arizona University Bilby Research Center.

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Springer, A.E., Stevens, L.E. Spheres of discharge of springs. Hydrogeol J 17, 83–93 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0341-y

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