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Study on landslide-induced wave disasters using a 3D coupled SPH-DEM method

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Abstract

Landslide-induced waves are a complex fluid–solid coupling phenomenon. A code for coupled fluid–solid simulation was developed on the basis of a coupled SPH-DEM algorithm, enabling the simulation of the whole process of disaster chains covering “Failure → Motion → Wave induction → Wave propagation→Wave-dam interaction” of landslides. The process of wave disasters induced by the landslides down the reservoir near a dam was studied using this method. The fine 3D model depicting the geological structure of landslides as well as their instability mode was built from field survey. Parameters on the contact mechanical characteristics of DEM particles composing landslides were inverted from experiments. Characteristics on the formation and propagation of landslide-induced waves were derived from numerical simulation based on the SPH-DEM coupling method. These characteristics, such as the height of the waves, their impact force on dams, overtopping flow and velocity, and other quantitative information, provide references to reasonably evaluate their disastrous effect. When landslide materials enter the water and generate waves, the surface water stream moves a certain distance and a strong circular current is formed underwater near the entry point. As the stream propagates, its energy declines. On meeting a barrier, it runs up under inertia and becomes breaking waves, thereby generating a huge impact force. The dynamic force of the waves on the dam is the highest when the first wave arrives. In addition, the dynamic force of the waves mainly acts on the upper parts of the dam.

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Abbreviations

ε i, ε j :

Local mean voidage i and j

V i, V j, V k :

Volume of solid particle i, j and k

\( \overrightarrow{x_i} \) :

Position of SPH particle i

\( {W}_k\left(\overrightarrow{x_i}\right) \) :

Smoothing kernel function

\( \overrightarrow{r} \) :

Distance vector between SPH particle i and particle j

h :

Smoothing length

μ f :

Viscosity

\( {\overline{\rho}}_i,{\overline{\rho}}_j \) :

Averaged density of fluid particle i and j

m i, m j :

Mass of fluid particle i and j

p i, p j :

Pressure of fluid particle i and j

ρ i0 :

Density of fluid when not compressed

c i :

Speed of sound in the fluid at the reference density

γ :

Constant (for simple ideal fluids, c is often set to be 7.0)

\( {\overrightarrow{v}}_i \) :

Velocity of fluid particle i

\( \overrightarrow{T_i},{\overrightarrow{\varPi}}_i,{\overrightarrow{\varLambda}}_i \) :

Internal force, viscous force and reaction force of the drag force

\( \overrightarrow{g} \) :

Gravity acceleration

Γ i :

Integral of the kernel function in the influence domain

\( \overrightarrow{n_i^B} \) :

The unit vector from the nearest point on the rigid boundary to the particle position

\( \overrightarrow{T_i^f},\overrightarrow{T_i^s},\overrightarrow{T_i^w} \) :

Pressure gradients, buoyancy and boundary force on fluid particle i, respectively

\( {m}_k,{\overrightarrow{x}}_k,{\overrightarrow{v}}_k \) :

Mass, position and velocity of solid particle k, respectively

\( {\overrightarrow{F}}_{kl}^C,{\overrightarrow{F}}_{kl}^L \) :

Contact force and lubrication force between solid particle k and l, respectively

\( \overrightarrow{F_{kl}^{Cn}},\overrightarrow{F_{kl}^{Ct}} \) :

Normal and tangential components of the contact force

\( {\overrightarrow{F}}_k^D,{\overrightarrow{F}}_k^B \) :

Drag force and buoyancy on solid particle k, respectively

\( \overrightarrow{\upsilon_k} \) :

Average velocity of solid particle

\( \overrightarrow{\beta_k} \) :

Interphase momentum transfer coefficient

ε k :

Local density of neighboring solid particles

∇p :

Gradient of fluid pressure at the solid particle

\( \overrightarrow{{\overline{\upsilon_k}}^f} \) :

Average flow velocity around particle k

d kl :

Average diameter of a solid particle dkl = (dk + dl)/2

\( \overrightarrow{\upsilon_{kl}} \) :

Relative velocity of a solid particle \( \overrightarrow{\upsilon_{kl}}=\overrightarrow{\upsilon_k}-\overrightarrow{\upsilon_l} \)

\( \overrightarrow{x_{kl}} \) :

Relative position of a solid particle \( \overrightarrow{x_{kl}}=\overrightarrow{x_k}-\overrightarrow{x_l} \)

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the project of “Natural Science Foundation of China (51879142, 51679123, 51479095)”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Wen-Jie Xu & Xue-Yang Dong

  2. Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450003, China

    Zhen-Guo Yao & Yan-Ting Luo

Authors
  1. Wen-Jie Xu
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  2. Zhen-Guo Yao
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  3. Yan-Ting Luo
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Contributions

Wen-Jie Xu proposed the idea, wrote the original code, analyzed the results and wrote the draft of the paper.

Zhen-Guo Yao and Yan-Ting Luo, contributed to the work of the field investigation of the landslide, and analysed the results.

Xue-Yang Dong developed the code, performed the simulation and prepared figures.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wen-Jie Xu.

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Xu, WJ., Yao, ZG., Luo, YT. et al. Study on landslide-induced wave disasters using a 3D coupled SPH-DEM method. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79, 467–483 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01558-3

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