Abstract
An extract of fermented wheat germ (EFWG) was prepared by treatment with Aspergillus oryzae and in vitro antioxidant and cellular antioxidant capacities were measured. The induction of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes in exerting a cellular antioxidant capacity was determined. Treatment of wheat germ with A. oryzae significantly (p<0.001) increased the ferulic acid content, compared to controls, among 4 phenolic acids analyzed. The peroxyl radical-scavenging and reducing capacities and the cellular antioxidant capacity of EFWG were more potent than for extracts of wheat grain (EWG). The cellular antioxidant capacity of EFWG against AAPH and H2O2-induced oxidative stress was stronger than for EWG due to enhanced induction of the phase II enzymes HO-1, GST, and NQO-1. Potent in vitro and cellular antioxidant capacities of EFWG may result from an increased ferulic acid content due to treatment with A. oryzae.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Halliwell B, Aeschbach R, Löliger J, Aruoma OI. The characterization of antioxidants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 33: 601–617 (1995)
Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol. Rev. 82: 47–95 (2001)
Pieta PG. Flavonoid as antioxidants. J. Nat. Prod. 63: 1035–1042 (2000)
Moure A, Cruz JM, Franco D, Domíngues JM, Sineiro J, Domíngues H, Nêñez MJ, Parajo JC. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chem. 72: 145–171 (2001)
Dinkova-Kostova AT, Talalay P. Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of inducers of cytoprotective proteins. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52: S128–S138 (2008)
Dinkova-Kostova AT, Cheah J, Samouilov A, Zweiser JL, Bozak RE, Hicks RJ, Talalay P. Phenolic Michael reaction acceptors: Combined direct and indirect antioxidant defense against electrophiles and oxidants. Med. Chem. 3: 261–268 (2007)
Shurpalekar SR, Rao HP. Wheat germ. Adv. Food Res. 23: 187–304 (1977)
Holland B, Welch AA, Unwin ID, Buss DH, Paul AA, Southgate DAT. McCance and Widdowson’s the Composition of Foods. 5th ed. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK (1991)
Mateo Anson N, Van den Berg R, Havenaar R, Bast A, Haenen G. Ferulic acid from aleurone determines the antioxidant potency of wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Agr. Food Chem. 56: 5589–5594 (2008)
Zhou K, Laux JJ, Yu L. Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from “Trego” wheat grown at different locations. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52: 1112–1117 (2004)
Zhou K, Laux JJ, Yu L. Comparison of Swiss red wheat grain and fractions for their antioxidant properties. J. Agr. Food Chem. 52: 1118–1123 (2004)
Zalatnai A, Lapis K, Szende B, Rásó E, Telekes A, Resetár A, Hidvégi M. Wheat germ extract inhibits experimental colon carcinogenesis in F-334 rats. Carcinogenesis 22: 1649–1652 (2001)
Illmer C, Madlener S, Horvath Z, Saiko P, Losert A, Herbacer I, Grusch M, Krupitza G, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Szekeres T. Immunologic and biochemical effects of the fermented wheat germ extract Avemar. Exp. Biol. Med. 230: 144–149 (2005)
Boros LG, Nichelatti M, Shoenfeld Y. Fermented wheat germ extract (Avemar) in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1051: 529–542 (2005)
Tekekes A, Hegedês M, Chae CH, Vékey K. Avemar (wheat germ extract) in cancer prevention and treatment. Nutr. Cancer 61: 891–899 (2009)
Koseki T, Hori A, Seki S, Murayama T, Shiono Y. Characterization of two distinct feruloyl esterases, AoFaeB and AoRaeC, from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 83: 689–696 (2009)
Hernández L, Afonso D, Rodríguez EM, Díaz C. Phenolic acid compounds in wheat grain cultivars. Plant Food. Hum. Nutr. 66: 408–415 (2011)
Kim GN, Shin JK, Jang HD. Antioxidant and antidiabetic effect of Dangyooja extract treated with Aspergillus saitoi. Food Chem. 117: 35–41 (2009)
Kurihara H, Fukami H, Asami S, Totoda Y, Nakai M, Shibata H, Yao XS. Effects of oolong tea on plasma antioxidative capacity in mice loaded with restraint stress assessed using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27: 1093–1098 (2004)
Aruoma OI, Deiana M, Jenner A, Halliwell B, Kaur H, Banni S. Effect of hydroxytyrosol found in extra virgin olive oil on oxidative DNA damage and on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J. Agr. Food Chem. 46: 5181–5187 (1998)
Lautraite S, Bigot-Lasserre D, Bars R, Carmichael N. Optimization of cell-based assays for medium through screening of oxidative stress. Toxicol. In Vitro 17: 207–220 (2003)
Moore J, Hao Z, Zhou K, Luther M, Costa J, Yu LL. Carotenoid, tocopherol, phenolic acid, and antioxidant properties of Marylandgrown soft wheat. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53: 6649–6657 (2005)
Debeire P, Khoune P, Jeltsch JM, Phalip V. Product patterns of a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus nidulans on large feruloylarabino-xylo-oligosaccharides from wheat bran. Biores. Technol. 119: 425–428 (2012)
Benedict AL, Knatko EV, Dinkova-kostova AT. The indirect antioxidant sulforaphane protects against thiopurine-mediated photooxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 33: 2457–2466 (2012)
Ma ZC, Hong Q, Wang YG, Liang QD, Tan HL, Xiao CR, Tang XL, Shao S, Zhou SS, Gao Y. Ferulic acid induces heme oxygenase-1 via activation ERK and Nrf2. Drug. Discov. Ther. 5: 299–305 (2011)
Ma ZC, Hong Q, Wang YG, Tan HL, Xiao CR, Liang QD, Zhang BL, Gao Y. Ferulic acid protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells from radiation induced oxidative stress by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 33: 29–34 (2010)
Xiao H, Parkin K. Isolation and identification of phase II enzymeinducing agents from nonpolar extracts of green onion (Allium spp.). J. Agr. Food Chem. 54: 8417–8424 (2006)
Yeh CT, Yen GC. Induction of hepatic antioxidant enzymes by phenolic acids in rats is accompanied by increased levels of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 mRNA expression. J. Nutr. 136: 11–15 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Song, JH., Kim, JK. & Jang, HD. Ferulic acid released by treatment with Aspergillus oryzae contributes to the cellular antioxidant capacity of wheat germ extract. Food Sci Biotechnol 23, 1327–1333 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0182-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-014-0182-5