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Effects of alumina nanoparticles in waste chicken fat biodiesel on the operating characteristics of a compression ignition engine

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Abstract

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with waste chicken fat biodiesel with alumina nanoparticles as an additive. The disposal of waste chicken creates environmental pollution, hence it is decided to extract oil from the waste chicken fat and produce biodiesel through transesterification process. As the chicken fat contains 13.6 % free fatty acid (FFA), a pre-treatment process was carried out using Ferric sulphate as a catalyst in order to reduce the FFA content less than 1 % to prevent soap formation during the process. Potassium hydroxide was used as catalysts for the effective conversion of triglycerides of waste chicken fat into methyl ester. Various diesel–biodiesel–alumina blends were prepared by varying the biodiesel proportions of 20 and 40 % by volume and 25 and 50 ppm of alumina nanoparticles to study its operating characteristics on a computerized single cylinder, constant speed CI engine. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were used as fuel born catalyst in order to enhance the combustion characteristics and reduce the harmful emissions. The engine test results showed less improvement in brake thermal efficiency and significant reduction on the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However, higher nitrogen oxide emissions were recorded due to the increase in combustion temperature as the nanoparticles enhanced the surface area to volume ratio which improves the thermal conductivity of the fuel blend resulted in improved combustion. Smoke reduction of 52.8 % was observed in B40 fuel blend with 50 ppm alumina nanoparticles under full load conditions.

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Abbreviations

Al2O3 :

Aluminium oxide

B20Al25:

Diesel 80 % + Biodiesel 20 % + Alumina nanoparticles 25 ppm

B20Al50:

Diesel 80 % + Biodiesel 20 % + Alumina nanoparticles 50 ppm

B40Al25:

Diesel 60 % + Biodiesel 40 % + Alumina nanoparticles 25 ppm

B40Al50:

Diesel 60 % + Biodiesel 40 % + Alumina nanoparticles 50 ppm

bmep:

Brake mean effective pressure

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CI:

Compression ignition

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CO:

Carbon monoxide

FFA:

Free fatty acid

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HRR:

Heat release rate

ID:

Ignition delay

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

PM:

Particulate matter

ppm:

particles per million

RoPR:

Rate of pressure raise

TDC:

Top dead center

WCF:

Waste chicken fat

WCFME:

Waste chicken fat methyl ester

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dr. Srinivasan Sundarrajan, Director, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli for granting permission to establish Advanced I.C. Engines Research Laboratory in the Mechanical Engineering Department with modern computerized experimental facilities to the international standards. The authors are thankful to Dr. R.B. Anand and Mr. Dominic for their continuous support and encouragement in conduction the experiments. Also special thanks are given to Mr. Palanisamy, Mr. Kaliyaperumal and Mr. Durairaj for their help rendered during experimentation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India

    Naresh Kumar Gurusala & V Arul Mozhi Selvan

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  1. Naresh Kumar Gurusala
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  2. V Arul Mozhi Selvan
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Correspondence to V Arul Mozhi Selvan.

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Gurusala, N.K., Selvan, V.A.M. Effects of alumina nanoparticles in waste chicken fat biodiesel on the operating characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Clean Techn Environ Policy 17, 681–692 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0825-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0825-5

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