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Genetic variation and population genetic structure of Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae) in the greater Sunda Islands, Indonesia using microsatellite markers

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Abstract

Genetic variations within and among Rhizophora apiculata populations in the Greater Sunda Islands of Indonesia were studied using microsatellite markers. The study found 38 alleles on five loci in 15 populations. The observed (H o) and expected (H e) heterozygosity values are 0.338 and 0.378, respectively. Inbreeding effect from self-pollination might explain its heterozygote deficiency. Population genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.381) was similar to other mangrove species. The genetic diversity of R. apiculata populations along the coastline inside the archipelago (e.g., Buleleng, Donggala, Mamuju, and Takalar) was higher than those of population along the coastline outside the archipelago, especially northern Sumatra populations (i.e., Langkat, Tapanuli Tengah, Dumai, and Padang). The isolation by distances and sea currents directions as well as their connectivity might affect the gene flow and genetic exchange. The more isolated with fewer connections by sea currents, the smaller gene flow and genetic exchange observed between populations. The higher genetic exchange, on the contrary, occurred when population location was closer to the meeting point of the sea currents. The study also showed that the patterns of sea current movement seemed to have influence genetic clustering of populations which fell into three main groups (Sunda Shelf Mangroves) and one isolated population (New Guinea Mangroves).

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Mrs. Yuni Wiratini (Mangrove Information Center—Bali, Indonesia), Mr. Arief Mahmud (Mangrove Management Center—Medan, Indonesia), and Mr. Taufik Herdian Nugraha for their help during sampling process. Also, to Dr. Lee Hong Tnah and Dr. Chai Ting Lee (Forest Research Institute Malaysia—Malaysia) for their help on the statistical analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Sciences and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea

    Andi Fadly Yahya & Jung Oh Hyun

  2. Natural Landscape Division, Nature and Ecology Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 404-708, Republic of Korea

    Jae Ho Lee

  3. Korea Forest Seed and Variety Center, Korea Forest Service, Chungju, 380-941, Republic of Korea

    Yong Yul Kim & Kyung Mi Lee

  4. Laboratory of Forest Molecular Genetics, Division of Forest Genetic Resources, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, 441-350, Republic of Korea

    Kyung Nak Hong

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea

    Seung-Chul Kim

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  1. Andi Fadly Yahya
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Correspondence to Andi Fadly Yahya or Seung-Chul Kim.

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Yahya, A.F., Hyun, J.O., Lee, J.H. et al. Genetic variation and population genetic structure of Rhizophora apiculata (Rhizophoraceae) in the greater Sunda Islands, Indonesia using microsatellite markers. J Plant Res 127, 287–297 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-013-0613-z

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