Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is both a major driver of climate change and a source of toxicity for health. In the upper atmosphere, particulate matter modifies the earth radiation budget, cloud formation and acts as a reaction center for air pollutants. In the lower atmosphere, particulate matter changes atmospheric visibility and alters biogeochemical cycles and meteorology. Most critical effects are observed in ambient air, where particulate matter degrades human health. Here we review the sources, spatial and temporal variability, and toxicity of PM10, the particulate matter having particle sizes 10 micrometers or less in diameter, in world regions. For that we analyzed information from the world wide web and databases from government organizations after the year 2000. Findings show that PM10 is a major risk in both developed and developing countries. This risk is more severe in Asian countries compared to Europe and USA, where decreasing trends are recorded during the last two decades. Meteorological factors modify particulate matter variations at local and regional levels. PM2.5/PM10 ratio provides information of particulate matter sources under different environment conditions. Crustal matter, road traffic and combustion of fuels are major sources of particulate matter pollution. Health studies indicate that long-term exposure to particulate matter has multiple health effects in people from all age groups. Identification of possible sources and their control with regular epidemiological monitoring could decrease the impact of particulate matter pollution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- NAAQS:
-
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
- CPCB:
-
Central Pollution Control Board
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- PM10 :
-
Particulate matters of 10 μm size or less
- OR:
-
Odds ratio
- CI:
-
Confidence interval
- IQR:
-
Interquartile range
References
Achilleos S, Wolfson JM, Ferguson ST et al (2016) Spatial variability of fine and coarse particle composition and sources in Cyprus. Atmos Res 169:255–270. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.005
Agay-Shay K, Friger M, Linn S et al (2013) Air pollution and congenital heart defects. Environ Res 124:28–34. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2013.03.005
Akyüz M, Çabuk H (2009) Meteorological variations of PM2.5/PM10 concentrations and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. J Hazard Mater 170:13–21. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.029
Alleman LY, Lamaison L, Perdrix E et al (2010) PM10 metal concentrations and source identification using positive matrix factorization and wind sectoring in a French industrial zone. Atmos Res 96:612–625. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.02.008
Alolayan MA, Brown KW, Evans JS et al (2013) Source apportionment of fine particles in Kuwait City. Sci Total Environ 448:14–25. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.090
Ambade B (2016) Characterization of PM10 over urban and rural sites of Rajnandgaon, central India. Nat Hazards 80:589–604. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1985-2
Ancelet T, Davy PK, Trompetter WJ et al (2013) Carbonaceous aerosols in a wood burning community in rural New Zealand. Atmos Pollut Res 4:245–249. doi:10.5094/apr.2013.026
Ancelet T, Davy PK, Trompetter WJ (2014) Particulate matter sources and long-term trends in a small New Zealand city. Atmos Pollut Res 6:1105–1112. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2015.06.008
Ancelet T, Davy PK, Trompetter WJ (2015) Particulate matter sources and long-term trends in a small New Zealand city. Atmos Pollut Res 6:1105–1112. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2015.06.008
Anenberg SC, Horowitz LW, Tong DQ, West JJ (2010) An estimate of the global burden of anthropogenic ozone and fine particulate matter on premature human mortality using atmospheric modeling. Environ Health Perspect 118:1189–1195. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901220
Antonel J, Chowdhury Z (2014) Measuring ambient particulate matter in three cities in Cameroon, Africa. Atmos Environ 95:344–354. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.053
Anttila P, Makkonen U, Hellén H et al (2008) Impact of the open biomass fires in spring and summer of 2006 on the chemical composition of background air in south-eastern Finland. Atmos Environ 42:6472–6486. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.020
Arkouli M, Ulke AG, Endlicher W et al (2010) Distribution and temporal behavior of particulate matter over the urban area of Buenos Aires. Atmos Pollut Res 1:1–8. doi:10.5094/APR.2010.001
Arruti A, Fernández-Olmo I, Irabien Á (2012) Evaluation of the urban/rural particle-bound PAH and PCB levels in the northern Spain (Cantabria region). Environ Monit Assess 184:6513–6526. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2437-4
Barmpadimos I, Hueglin C, Keller J et al (2011) Influence of meteorology on PM10 trends and variability in Switzerland from 1991 to 2008. Atmos Chem Phys 11:1813–1835. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1813-2011
Batterman S, Su FC, Jia C et al (2011) Manganese and lead in children’s blood and airborne particulate matter in Durban, South Africa. Sci Total Environ 409:1058–1068. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.017
Begum BA, Kim E, Biswas SK, Hopke PK (2004) Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and semi-urban areas in Bangladesh. Atmos Environ 38:3025–3038. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.042
Begum BA, Hopke PK, Markwitz A (2013) Air pollution by fine particulate matter in Bangladesh. Atmos Pollut Res 4:75–86. doi:10.5094/APR.2013.008
Belis CA, Karagulian F, Larsen BR, Hopke PK (2013) Critical review and meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. Atmos Environ 69:94–108. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.009
Brown LE, Trought KR, Bailey CI, Clemons JH (2005) 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalence and mutagenic activity associated with PM 10 from three urban locations in New Zealand. Sci Total Environ 349:161–174. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.008
Callén MS, López JM, Mastral AM (2012) Apportionment of the airborne PM10 in Spain. Episodes of potential negative impact for human health. J Environ Monit 14:1211. doi:10.1039/c2em10802j
Campos-Ramos A, Aragon-Pina A, Galindo-Estrada I et al (2009) Characterization of atmospheric aerosols by SEM in a rural area in the western part of Mexico and its relation with different pollution sources. Atmos Environ 43:6159–6167. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.004
Celis JE, Morales JR, Zaror CA, Inzunza JC (2004) A study of the particulate matter PM10 composition in the atmosphere of Chillán, Chile. Chemosphere 54:541–550. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00711-2
Chaloulakou A, Kassomenos P, Grivas G, Spyrellis N (2005) Particulate matter and black smoke concentration levels in central Athens, Greece. Environ Int 31:651–659. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.11.001
Chan YC, Vowles PD, McTainsh GH et al (2000) Characterisation and source identification of PM10 aerosol samples collected with a high volume cascade impactor in Brisbane (Australia). Sci Total Environ 262:5–19. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00571-4
Chan YC, Cohen DD, Hawas O et al (2008) Apportionment of sources of fine and coarse particles in four major Australian cities by positive matrix factorisation. Atmos Environ 42:374–389. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.030
Chen R, Wang X, Meng X et al (2013) Communicating air pollution-related health risks to the public: an application of the Air Quality Health Index in Shanghai, China. Environ Int 51:168–173. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.008
Cheng L, Sandhu HS, Angle RP et al (2000) Rural particulate matter in Alberta, Canada. Atmos Environ 34:3365–3372. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00123-0
Chuersuwan N, Nimrat S, Lekphet S, Kerdkumrai T (2008) Levels and major sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Environ Int 34:671–677. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.018
Clements AL, Fraser MP, Upadhyay N et al (2014) Chemical characterization of coarse particulate matter in the Desert Southwest—Pinal County Arizona, USA. Atmos Pollut Res 5:52–61. doi:10.5094/apr.2014.007
CNEM (2013) China National Environmental Monitoring Center. http://www.cnemc.cn. Accessed 12 Jan 2017
Co HX, Dung NT, Oanh NTK et al (2014) Levels and composition of ambient particulate matter at a mountainous rural site in Northern Vietnam. Aerosol Air Qual Res 14:1917–1928. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2013.09.0300
Cong Z, Kang S, Luo C et al (2011) Trace elements and lead isotopic composition of PM 10 in Lhasa, Tibet. Atmos Environ 45:6210–6215. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.060
Coronas MV, Pereira TS, Rocha JAV et al (2009) Genetic biomonitoring of an urban population exposed to mutagenic airborne pollutants. Environ Int 35:1023–1029. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.05.001
CPCB (2009) National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Central Pollution Control Board India. http://cpcb.nic.in/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards.php. Accessed 16 Jan 2017
CPCB (2013) CPCB annual report 2011–2012. Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forest, New Delhi
Dadvand P, Ostro B, Figueras F et al (2014) Residential proximity to major roads and term low birth weight: the roles of air pollution, heat, noise, and road-adjacent trees. Epidemiology 25:518–525. doi:10.1097/eDe.0000000000000107
Deshmukh DK, Deb MK, Mkoma SL (2013) Size distribution and seasonal variation of size-segregated particulate matter in the ambient air of Raipur city, India. Air Qual Atmos Heal 6:259–276. doi:10.1007/s11869-011-0169-9
Díaz-Robles LA, Fu JS, Reed GD (2013) Emission scenarios and the health risks posed by priority mobile air toxics in an urban to regional area: an application in Nashville, Tennessee. Aerosol Air Qual Res 13:795–803. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2012.07.0165
Ding X, Wang M, Chu H et al (2014) Global gene expression profiling of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to airborne fine particulate matter collected from Wuhan, China. Toxicol Lett 228:25–33. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.010
Dionisio KL, Arku RE, Hughes AF et al (2010) Air pollution in Accra Neighborhoods: spatial, socioeconomic, and temporal patterns. Environ Sci Technol 44:2270–2276. doi:10.1021/es903276s
Dongarrà G, Manno E, Varrica D et al (2010) Study on ambient concentrations of PM10, PM10-2.5, PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants. Trace elements and chemical speciation of atmospheric particulates. Atmos Environ 44:5244–5257. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.041
Ducret-Stich RE, Tsai MY, Ragettli MS et al (2013) Role of highway traffic on spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants in a Swiss Alpine valley. Sci Total Environ 456–457:50–60. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.065
EEA (2013) AirBase: public air quality database—air pollution. European Environment Agency. http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/links/data-sources/airbase-public-air-quality-database. Accessed 17 Jan 2017
Fang G, Chang S (2010) Atmospheric particulate (PM 10 and PM 2. 5) mass concentration and seasonal variation study in the Taiwan area during 2000–2008. Atmos Res 98:368–377. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.07.005
Farah W, Nakhlé MM, Abboud M et al (2014) Time series analysis of air pollutants in Beirut, Lebanon. Environ Monit Assess 186:8203–8213. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3998-9
Feng Q, Wu S, Du Y et al (2011) Variations of PM10 concentrations in Wuhan, China. Environ Monit Assess 176:259–271. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1581-6
Fiddes SL, Pezza AB, Mitchell TA et al (2016) Synoptic weather evolution and climate drivers associated with winter air pollution in New Zealand. Atmos Pollut Res 7:1082–1089. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2016.06.014
Filonchyk M, Yan H, Yang S, Hurynovich V (2016) A study of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the atmosphere of large cities in Gansu Province, China, in summer period. J Earth Syst Sci 125:1175–1187. doi:10.1007/s12040-016-0722-x
Fragkou E, Douros I, Moussiopoulos N (2012) Current trends in the use of models for source apportionment of air pollutants in Europe. Int J Environ Pollut 50:363–375
Galindo N, Varea M, Gil-Moltó J et al (2011) The influence of meteorology on particulate matter concentrations at an urban mediterranean location. Water Air Soil Pollut 215:365–372. doi:10.1007/s11270-010-0484-z
Gargava P, Rajagopalan V (2015) Source apportionment studies in six Indian cities—drawing broad inferences for urban PM 10 reductions. Air Qual Atmos Heal. doi:10.1007/s11869-015-0353-4
Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F et al (2004) The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 Years of Age. N Engl J Med 351:1057–1067. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040610
GB 3095 (2012) Ambient air quality standards in China. TransportPolicy.net. http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=China:_Air_Quality_Standards. Accessed 12 Jan 2017
Gehrig R, Buchmann B (2003) Characterising seasonal variations and spatial distribution of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations based on long-term Swiss monitoring data. Atmos Environ 37:2571–2580. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00221-8
Gehring U, Gruzieva O, Agius RM et al (2013) Air pollution exposure and lung function in children: the ESCAPE project. Environ Health Perspect 121:1357–1364. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306770
Gianini MFD, Gehrig R, Fischer A et al (2012) Chemical composition of PM10 in Switzerland: an analysis for 2008/2009 and changes since 1998/1999. Atmos Environ 54:97–106. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.037
Gnauk T, Müller K, Brüggemann E et al (2011) A study to discriminate local, urban and regional source contributions to the particulate matter concentrations in the city of Dresden, Germany. J Atmos Chem 68:199–231. doi:10.1007/s10874-012-9216-7
Grantz DA, Garner JHB, Johnson DW (2003) Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environ Int 29:213–239. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00181-2
Guerra SA, Lane DD, Marotz GA et al (2006) Effects of wind direction on coarse and fine particulate matter concentrations in southeast Kansas. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 56:1525–1531. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464559
Gugamsetty B, Wei H, Liu CN et al (2012) Source characterization and apportionment of PM10, PM2.5 and PM0.1 by using positive matrix factorization. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:476–491. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2012.04.0084
Güler N, Güneri İşçi Ö (2016) The regional prediction model of PM10 concentrations for Turkey. Atmos Res 180:64–77. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.05.018
Gummeneni S, Bin YY, Chavali M, Samadi SZ (2011) Source apportionment of particulate matter in the ambient air of Hyderabad city, India. Atmos Res 101:752–764. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.05.002
Gupta S, Gadi R, Mandal TK, Sharma SK (2017) Seasonal variations and source profile of n-alkanes in particulate matter (PM10) at a heavy traffic site, Delhi. Environ Monit Assess 189:43. doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5756-7
Guttikunda SK, Lodoysamba S, Bulgansaikhan B, Dashdondog B (2013) Particulate pollution in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Air Qual Atmos Heal 6:589–601. doi:10.1007/s11869-013-0198-7
Hedberg E, Gidhagen L, Johansson C (2005) Source contributions to PM10 and arsenic concentrations in Central Chile using positive matrix factorization. Atmos Environ 39:549–561. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.11.001
Ho KF, Lee SC, Chan CK et al (2003) Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 37:31–39. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00804-X
Hopke PK (2016) A review of receptor modeling methods for source apportionment. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. doi:10.1080/10962247.2016.1140693
Hussein T, Alghamdi MA, Khoder M et al (2014) Particulate matter and number concentrations of particles larger than 0.25 µm in the urban atmosphere of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Aerosol Air Qual Res 14:1383–1391. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2014.02.0027
Jiménez E, Linares C, Rodríguez LF et al (2009) Short-term impact of particulate matter (PM2.5) on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid (Spain). Sci Total Environ 407:5486–5492. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.038
Johnston F, Hanigan I, Henderson S et al (2011) Extreme air pollution events from bushfires and dust storms and their association with mortality in Sydney, Australia 1994–2007. Environ Res 111:811–816. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.05.007
Jorquera H (2009) Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at Tocopilla, Chile (22A degrees 05′ S, 70A degrees 12′ W). Environ Monit Assess 153:235–251. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0352-0
Jorquera H, Barraza F (2012) Source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 in Santiago, Chile: 1999 and 2004 results. Sci Total Environ 435–436:418–429. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.049
Joseph AE, Unnikrishnan S, Kumar R (2012) Chemical characterization and mass closure of fine aerosol for different land use patterns in Mumbai city. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:61–72. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.04.0049
Jugder D, Shinoda M, Sugimoto N et al (2011) Spatial and temporal variations of dust concentrations in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Glob Planet Change 78:14–22. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.05.003
Juneng L, Latif MT, Tangang F (2011) Factors influencing the variations of PM10 aerosol dust in Klang Valley, Malaysia during the summer. Atmos Environ 45:4370–4378. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.045
Kaku KC, Reid JS, Reid EA et al (2016) Investigation of the relative fine and coarse mode aerosol loadings and properties in the Southern Arabian Gulf region. Atmos Res 169:171–182. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.09.029
Kamruzzaman M, Aryal R, Beecham S et al (2015) PM10 dispersion in Adelaide and its relationship with rainfall. Water Air Soil Pollut. doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2662-5
Kan H, Wong CM, Vichit-Vadakan N, Qian Z (2010) Short-term association between sulfur dioxide and daily mortality: the Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) study. Environ Res 110:258–264. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.01.006
Karar K, Gupta AK (2006) Seasonal variations and chemical characterization of ambient PM10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Atmos Res 81:36–53. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.11.003
Kassomenos P, Vardoulakis S, Chaloulakou A et al (2012) Levels, sources and seasonality of coarse particles (PM 10-PM 2.5) in three European capitals—implications for particulate pollution control. Atmos Environ 54:337–347. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.051
Kendall M, Pala K, Ucakli S, Gucer S (2011) Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and associated metals in urban Turkey. Air Qual Atmos Heal 4:235–242. doi:10.1007/s11869-010-0129-9
Keuken M, Zandveld P, van den Elshout S et al (2011) Air quality and health impact of PM10 and EC in the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands in 1985–2008. Atmos Environ 45:5294–5301. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.058
Khodeir M, Shamy M, Alghamdi M et al (2012) Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Atmos Pollut Res 3:331–340. doi:10.5094/apr.2012.037
Kim NK, Kim YP, Kang CH (2011) Long-term trend of aerosol composition and direct radiative forcing due to aerosols over Gosan: TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 data between 1992 and 2008. Atmos Environ 45:6107–6115. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.051
Kim JH, Choi YH, Bae S et al (2012) ENOS gene polymorphisms modify the association of PM10 with oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 214:263–267. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.006
Kim BM, Park JS, Kim SW et al (2015) Source apportionment of PM10 mass and particulate carbon in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Atmos Environ 123:190–199. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.082
Kothai P, Saradhi IV, Pandit GG et al (2011) Chemical characterization and source identification of particulate matter at an urban site of Navi Mumbai, India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 11:560–569. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.02.0017
Koulouri E, Saarikoski S, Theodosi C et al (2008) Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 42:6542–6550. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.010
Kulshrestha A, Satsangi PG, Masih J, Taneja A (2009) Metal concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra, India. Sci Total Environ 407:6196–6204. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.050
Kuvarega AT, Taru P (2008) Ambiental dust speciation and metal content variation in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in urban atmospheric air of Harare (Zimbabwe). Environ Monit Assess 144:1–14. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0436-x
Lazaridis M, Dzumbova L, Kopanakis I et al (2008) PM10 and PM2.5 levels in the eastern Mediterranean (Akrotiri research station, Crete, Greece). Water Air Soil Pollut 189:85–101. doi:10.1007/s11270-007-9558-y
Lewandowska AU, Falkowska LM (2013) High concentration episodes of PM10 in the air over the urbanized coastal zone of the Baltic Sea (Gdynia—Poland). Atmos Res 120–121:55–67. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.08.002
Li PH, Han B, Huo J et al (2012) Characterization, meteorological influences and source identification of carbonaceous aerosols during the autumn-winter period in Tianjin, China. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:283–294. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.09.0140
Li P, Xin J, Wang Y et al (2013) Time-series analysis of mortality effects from airborne particulate matter size fractions in Beijing. Atmos Environ 81:253–262. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.004
Li W, Wang C, Wang H et al (2014) Distribution of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in rural field, rural village and urban areas of northern China. Environ Pollut 185:134–140. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.042
Li Y, Lin C, Lau AKH et al (2015) Assessing long-term trend of particulate matter pollution in the Pearl River Delta Region using satellite remote sensing. Environ Sci Technol 49:11670–11678. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02776
Lin M, Tao J, Chan CY et al (2012) Regression analyses between recent air quality and visibility changes in megacities at four haze regions in China. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:1049–1061. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.11.0220
López ML, Ceppi S, Palancar GG et al (2011) Elemental concentration and source identification of PM10 and PM2.5 by SR-XRF in Córdoba City, Argentina. Atmos Environ 45:5450–5457. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.003
Maenhaut W, Vermeylen R, Claeys M et al (2016) Sources of the PM10 aerosol in Flanders, Belgium, and re-assessment of the contribution from wood burning. Sci Total Environ 562:550–560. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.074
Mansha M, Ghauri B, Rahman S, Amman A (2012) Characterization and source apportionment of ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi. Sci Total Environ 425:176–183. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.056
Meng X, Ma Y, Chen R et al (2013) Size-fractionated particle number concentrations and daily mortality in a Chinese City. Environ Health Perspect 121:1174–1178. doi:10.1289/ehp.1206398
Minguillón MC, Campos AA, Cárdenas B et al (2014) Mass concentration, composition and sources of fine and coarse particulate matter in Tijuana, Mexico, during Cal-Mex campaign. Atmos Environ 88:320–329. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.032
Miao L, Zhu F, He B, et al (2013) Synthesis of China’s land use in the past 300 years. Glob Planet Change 100:224–233
Mkoma SL, Maenhaut W, Chi X et al (2009) Characterisation of PM10 atmospheric aerosols for the wet season 2005 at two sites in East Africa. Atmos Environ 43:631–639. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.008
Moreno T, Querol X, Alastuey A, et al (2006) PM source apportionment and trace metallic aerosol affinities during atmospheric pollution episodes: a case study from Puertollano, Spain. J Environ Monit 8:1060–1068. doi:10.1039/b608321h
Moroni B, Cappelletti D, Marmottini F et al (2012) Integrated single particle-bulk chemical approach for the characterization of local and long range sources of particulate pollutants. Atmos Environ 50:267–277. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.022
Moroni B, Castellini S, Crocchianti S et al (2015) Ground-based measurements of long-range transported aerosol at the rural regional background site of Monte Martano (Central Italy). Atmos Res 155:26–36. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.11.021
Munir S (2017) Analysing temporal trends in the ratios of PM2.5/PM10 in the UK. Aerosol Air. Qual. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2016.02.0081
Murillo JH, Roman SR, Rojas Marin JF et al (2013) Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, Central America. Atmos Pollut Res 4:181–190. doi:10.5094/APR.2013.018
Negral L, Moreno-Grau S, Moreno J et al (2008) Natural and anthropogenic contributions to PM10 and PM2.5 in an urban area in the western Mediterranean coast. Water Air Soil Pollut 192:227–238. doi:10.1007/s11270-008-9650-y
Nyanganyura D, Maenhaut W, Mathuthu M et al (2007) The chemical composition of tropospheric aerosols and their contributing sources to a continental background site in northern Zimbabwe from 1994 to 2000. Atmos Environ 41:2644–2659. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.015
Olson DA, Turlington J, Duvall RM et al (2008) Indoor and outdoor concentrations of organic and inorganic molecular markers: source apportionment of PM2.5 using low-volume samples. Atmos Environ 42:1742–1751. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.035
Øvrevik J, Låg M, Holme JA et al (2009) Cytokine and chemokine expression patterns in lung epithelial cells exposed to components characteristic of particulate air pollution. Toxicology 259:46–53. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.028
Özden Ö, Döǧeroǧlu T, Kara S (2008) Assessment of ambient air quality in Eskişehir, Turkey. Environ Int 34:678–687. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.016
Pakalidou N, Katragkou E, Poupkou A et al (2013) Decadal analysis of heat-wave events in Thessaloniki and investigation of impacts on PM10. In: Helmis CG, Nastos PT (eds) Advances in meteorology, climatology and atmospheric physics. Springer, Berlin, pp 663–669
Pandey JS, Kumar R, Devotta S (2005) Health risks of NO2, SPM and SO2 in Delhi (India). Atmos Environ 39:6868–6874. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.004
Pandey KD, Wheeler D, Ostro B et al (2006) Ambient particulate matter concentrations in residential and pollution hotspot areas of world cities: new estimates based on the global model of ambient particulates (GMAPS), The World Bank Development Economics Research Group and the Environment Department working paper (forthcoming). The World Bank, Washington. http://go.worldbank.org/3RDFO7T6M0. Accessed 13 Jan 2016
Pandey P, Khan AH, Verma AK et al (2012) Seasonal trends of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in ambient air and their correlation in ambient air of Lucknow City, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88:265–270. doi:10.1007/s00128-011-0466-x
Panicker AS, Ali K, Beig G, Yadav S (2015) Characterization of particulate matter and carbonaceous aerosol over two urban environments in Northern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15:2584–2595. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2015.04.0253
Pascal M, Falq G, Wagner V et al (2014) Short-term impacts of particulate matter (PM10, PM10-2.5, PM2.5) on mortality in nine French cities. Atmos Environ 95:175–184. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.030
Pateraki S, Asimakopoulos DN, Flocas HA et al (2012) The role of meteorology on different sized aerosol fractions (PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 2.5-10). Sci Total Environ 419:124–135. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.064
Pennanen AS, Sillanpää M, Hillamo R et al (2007) Performance of a high-volume cascade impactor in six European urban environments: mass measurement and chemical characterization of size-segregated particulate samples. Sci Total Environ 374:297–310. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.002
Pipal AS, Gursumeeran Satsangi P (2015) Study of carbonaceous species, morphology and sources of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particles along with their climatic nature in India. Atmos Res 154:103–115. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.11.007
Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287:1132–1141. doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
Qin Y, Tonnesen GS, Wang Z (2004) Weekend/weekday differences of ozone, NOx Co, VOCs, PM 10 and the light scatter during ozone season in southern California. Atmos Environ 38:3069–3087. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.035
Quass U, John AC, Kuhlbusch TAJ (2013) Source apportionment of airborne dust in Germany: methods and results. In: Viana M (ed) Urban air quality in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp 195–218
Querol X, Alastuey A, Rodriguez S et al (2001) PM10 and PM2.5 source apportionment in the Barcelona Metropolitan area, Catalonia, Spain. Atmos Environ 35:6407–6419. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00361-2
Querol X, Zhuang XG, Alastuey A et al (2006) Speciation and sources of atmospheric aerosols in a highly industrialised emerging mega-city in Central China. J Environ Monit 8:1049–1059. doi:10.1039/b608768j
Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R et al (2013) Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol 14:813–822. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1
Ragsdale KM, Barrett BS, Testino AP (2013) Variability of particulate matter (PM 10) in Santiago, Chile by phase of the Madden e Julian Oscillation (MJO). Atmos Environ 81:304–310. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.011
Rahman SA, Hamzah MS, Wood AK et al (2011) Sources apportionment of fine and coarse aerosol in Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur using positive matrix factorization. Atmos Pollut Res 2:197–206. doi:10.5094/APR.2011.025
Rajšić S, Mijić Z, Tasić M et al (2008) Evaluation of the levels and sources of trace elements in urban particulate matter. Environ Chem Lett 6:95–100. doi:10.1007/s10311-007-0115-0
Ram K, Sarin MM, Tripathi SN (2010) A 1 year record of carbonaceous aerosols from an urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: characterization, sources, and temporal variability. J Geophys Res Atmos. doi:10.1029/2010JD014188
Rampazzo G, Masiol M, Visin F, Pavoni B (2008) Gaseous and PM10-bound pollutants monitored in three sites with differing environmental conditions in the Venice area (Italy). Water Air Soil Pollut 195:161–176. doi:10.1007/s11270-008-9735-7
Rashki A, de Rautenbach CJ, Eriksson W et al (2013) Temporal changes of particulate concentration in the ambient air over the city of Zahedan, Iran. Air Qual Atmos Heal 6:123–135. doi:10.1007/s11869-011-0152-5
Raysoni AU, Sarnat JA, Sarnat SE et al (2011) Binational school-based monitoring of traffic-related air pollutants in El Paso, Texas (USA) and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (Mexico). Environ Pollut 159:2476–2486. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.024
Revich B, Shaposhnikov D (2010) The effects of particulate and ozone pollution on mortality in Moscow, Russia. Air Qual Atmos Health 3:117–123. doi:10.1007/s11869-009-0058-7
Roberts S (2013) Have the short-term mortality effects of particulate matter air pollution changed in Australia over the period 1993–2007? Environ Pollut 182:9–14. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.036
Rodrigues-Silva F, de Paula Santos U, Saldiva PHN et al (2012) Health risks and economic costs of absenteeism due to air pollution in São Paulo, Brazil. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:826–833. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.12.0235
Salvador P, Artíñano B, Querol X et al (2007) Characterisation of local and external contributions of atmospheric particulate matter at a background coastal site. Atmos Environ 41:1–17. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.007
Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC et al (2000) Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987–1994. N Engl J Med 343:1742–1749. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012143432401
Schifano P, Lallo A, Asta F et al (2013) Effect of ambient temperature and air pollutants on the risk of preterm birth, Rome 2001–2010. Environ Int 61:77–87. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.005
Sevimoglu O, Rogge WF (2016) Seasonal size-segregated PM10 and PAH concentrations in a rural area of sugarcane agriculture versus a coastal urban area in Southeastern Florida, USA. Particuology. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2015.09.013
Shahsavani A, Naddafi K, Jafarzade Haghighifard N et al (2012) The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events in Ahvaz, Iran, from April through September 2010. J Arid Environ 77:72–83. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.09.007
Sharma M, Maloo S (2005) Assessment of ambient air PM10 and PM2.5 and characterization of PM10 in the city of Kanpur, India. Atmos Environ 39:6015–6026. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.041
Sharma AP, Kim IHK, Ahn J et al (2014a) Ambient particulate matter (PM10) concentrations in major urban areas of Korea during 1996–2010. Atmos Pollut Res 5:161–169. doi:10.5094/apr.2014.020
Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Saxena M et al (2014b) Source apportionment of PM10 by using positive matrix factorization at an urban site of Delhi, India. Urban Clim 10:656–670. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2013.11.002
Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Srivastava MK et al (2016) Spatio-temporal variation in chemical characteristics of PM10 over Indo Gangetic Plain of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:18809–18822. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7025-2
Shen Z, Han Y, Cao J et al (2010) Characteristics of traffic-related emissions: a case study in roadside ambient air over Xi’an, China. Aerosol Air Qual Res 10:292–300. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2009.10.0061
Silbajoris R, Osornio-Vargas AR, Simmons SO et al (2011) Ambient particulate matter induces interleukin-8 expression through an alternative NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) mechanism in human airway epithelial cells. Environ Health Perspect 119:1379–1383. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103594
Sillanpaa M, Hillamo R, Saarikoski S et al (2006) Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter at six urban sites in Europe. Atmos Environ 40:212–223. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.063
Son J, Bell ML, Lee J (2011) Survival analysis of long-term exposure to different sizes of airborne particulate matter and risk of infant mortality using a birth cohort in Seoul, Korea. Environ Health Perspect 119:725–730. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002364
Song X, Yang S, Shao L et al (2016) PM10 mass concentration, chemical composition, and sources in the typical coal-dominated industrial city of Pingdingshan, China. Sci Total Environ 571:1155–1163. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.115
Souza DZ, Vasconcellos PC, Lee H et al (2014) Composition of PM2.5 and PM10 collected at Urban Sites in Brazil. Aerosol Air Qual Res 14:168–176. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2013.03.0071
Spindler G, Grüner A, Müller K et al (2013) Long-term size-segregated particle (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) characterization study at Melpitz—influence of air mass inflow, weather conditions and season. J Atmos Chem 70:165–195. doi:10.1007/s10874-013-9263-8
Statistical Year Book India (2013) Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Surface Transport. Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation. http://mospi.nic.in/statistical-year-book-india/2013/189. Accessed 14 Jan 2017
Sudheer AK, Rengarajan R (2012) Atmospheric mineral dust and trace metals over urban environment in western India during winter. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:923–933. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2011.12.0237
Sun C, Lin Y, Wang C (2003) Relationships among particle fractions of urban and non-urban aerosols. Aerosol Air Qual Res 3:7–15
Taiwo AM (2016) Source apportionment of urban background particulate matter in Birmingham, United Kingdom using a mass closure model. Aerosol Air Qual Res 16:1244–1252. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2015.09.0537
Tchepel O, Borrego C (2010) Frequency analysis of air quality time series for traffic related pollutants. J Environ Monit 12:544–550. doi:10.1039/b913797a
Terrouche A, Ali-Khodja H, Kemmouche A et al (2016) Identification of sources of atmospheric particulate matter and trace metals in Constantine, Algeria. Air Qual Atmos Heal 9:69–82. doi:10.1007/s11869-014-0308-1
Tian G, Qiao Z, Xu X (2014) Characteristics of particulate matter (PM10) and its relationship with meteorological factors during 2001-2012 in Beijing. Environ Pollut 192:266–274. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.036
Titos G, Foyo-Moreno I, Lyamani H et al (2012) Optical properties and chemical composition of aerosol particles at an urban location: an estimation of the aerosol mass scattering and absorption efficiencies. J Geophys Res Atmos 117:1–12. doi:10.1029/2011JD016671
Tiwari S, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS et al (2010) Black carbon and chemical characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site of North India. J Atmos Chem 62:193–209. doi:10.1007/s10874-010-9148-z
Tiwari S, Srivastava AK, Bisht DS et al (2013) Diurnal and seasonal variations of black carbon and PM2.5 over New Delhi, India: influence of meteorology. Atmos Res 125–126:50–62. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.011
Tiwari S, Hopke PK, Pipal AS et al (2015) Intra-urban variability of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and its relationship with optical properties of aerosols over Delhi, India. Atmos Res 166:223–232. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.007
Tiwari S, Tunved P, Hopke PK et al (2016) Observations of ambient trace gas and PM10 concentrations at Patna, Central Ganga Basin during 2013–2014: the influence of meteorological variables on atmospheric pollutants. Atmos Res 180:138–149. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.05.017
Toledo VE, Almeida PB, Quiterio SL et al (2008) Evaluation of levels, sources and distribution of toxic elements in PM10 in a suburban industrial region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 139:49–59. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9815-y
Tonne C, Yanosky JD, Beevers S et al (2012) PM mass concentration and PM oxidative potential in relation to carotid intima-media thickness. Epidemiology 23:486–494. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31824e613e
US EPA (2014) National trends in particulate matter levels. United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2017
US EPA (2015) Annual summary and daily summary air quality data. United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://aqsdr1.epa.gov/aqsweb/aqstmp/airdata/download_files.html. Accessed 15 Jan 2017
van den Hooven EH, Pierik FH, de Kluizenaar Y et al (2012) Air pollution exposure during pregnancy, ultrasound measures of fetal growth, and adverse birth outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 120:150–156. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003316
Vardoulakis S, Kassomenos P (2008) Sources and factors affecting PM10 levels in two European cities: implications for local air quality management. Atmos Environ 42:3949–3963. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.021
Vargas FA, Rojas NY, Pachón JE, Russell AG (2012) PM10 characterization and source apportionment at two residential areas in Bogota. Atmos Pollut Res 3:72–80. doi:10.5094/APR.2012.006
Vellingiri K, Kim K-H, Ma C-J et al (2015) Ambient particulate matter in a central urban area of Seoul, Korea. Chemosphere 119:812–819. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.049
Von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Allan JD et al (2015) Chemistry and the linkages between air quality and climate change. Chem Rev 115:3856–3897. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089
Vu VT, Lee BK, Kim JT et al (2011) Assessment of carcinogenic risk due to inhalation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 from an industrial city: a Korean case-study. J Hazard Mater 189:349–356. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.043
Wang H, Shooter D (2005) Source apportionment of fine and coarse atmospheric particles in Auckland, New Zealand. Sci Total Environ 340:189–198. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.08.017
Wang X, Huang J, Ji M, Higuchi K (2008) Variability of East Asia dust events and their long-term trend. Atmos Environ 42:3156–3165. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.046
WHO (2005) WHO air quality guidelines global update published by World Health Organization on the internet. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/. Accessed 13 Jan 2017
WHO (2014) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database 2014. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/AAP_database_results_2014.pdf. Accessed 16 Jan 2017
WHO (2016) WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database by World Health Organization on the internet. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/. Accessed 13 January 2017
Wickramasinghe AP, Karunaratne DGGP, Sivakanesan R (2011) PM10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: concentrations, source characterization and estimating their risk in urban, suburban and rural areas in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Atmos Environ 45:2642–2650. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.067
Wilson JG, Kingham S, Sturman AP (2006) Intraurban variations of PM10 air pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand: implications for epidemiological studies. Sci Total Environ 367:559–572. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.045
Xie Y, Zhao B, Zhang L, Luo R (2015) Spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations between 31 Chinese cities and their relationships with SO2, NO2, CO and O3. Particuology 20:141–149. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2015.01.003
Zakey AS, Abdel-Wahab MM, Pettersson JBC et al (2008) Seasonal and spatial variation of atmospheric particulate matter in a developing megacity, the Greater Cairo, Egypt. Atmosfera 21:171–189
Zhang LW, Chen X, Xue XD et al (2014) Long-term exposure to high particulate matter pollution and cardiovascular mortality: a 12-year cohort study in four cities in northern China. Environ Int 62:41–47. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.012
Zhang T, Gong W, Zhu Z et al (2016) Semi-physical estimates of national-scale PM10 concentrations in China using a satellite-based geographically weighted regression model. Atmosphere (Basel). doi:10.3390/atmos7070088
Zhou H, He J, Zhao B et al (2016) The distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosol in Baotou. China. Atmos Res 178–179:102–113. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.019
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, for providing financial support in the form of an Inspire fellowship (IF120768) and Head, Department of Botany, for providing library and computer facilities. The authors are also grateful to anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions for improving the quality of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mukherjee, A., Agrawal, M. World air particulate matter: sources, distribution and health effects. Environ Chem Lett 15, 283–309 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0611-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0611-9