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Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous system by ion-exchange and biosorption methods

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Abstract

Pollution due to heavy metals is currently a serious problems affecting water bodies. The removal of heavy metals is of great concern due to their toxicity at trace levels and accumulation in the biosystem. Here we review the technical feasibility of biosorption and ion exchange methods for the removal of various heavy metals from the aqueous media. Chemical pretreatment of low-cost biosorbents are presented. Chemically modified biosorbents exhibit far better adsorption capacities than unmodified ones. We also highlighted the effect of pH on the biosorption for maximal uptake of heavy metals, because pH modifies the surface charge of the biosorbent as well as the speciation of heavy metals.

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Fig. 1

Adapted with permission from Lu et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society

Fig. 2

Adapted with permission from Lu et al. (2016) Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society

Fig. 3
Scheme 1
Fig. 4

Reprinted from Ahad et al. (2016)

Fig. 5

Reprinted from Ahad et al. (2016)

Fig. 6

Adapted with permission from Guo et al. (2018a). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society

Fig. 7

Adapted with permission from Peng et al. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society

Fig. 8

Reprinted from Gupta et al. (2011) and Santos et al. (2012)

Fig. 9

Adapted with permission from Mao et al. (2013) Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society

Scheme 2
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Reprinted from Bhat et al. (2015)

Fig. 12

Adapted with permission from Wang et al. (2013). Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society

Fig. 13

Adapted with permission from Zhang et al. (2017). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society

Fig. 14

Adapted with permission from Zhang et al. (2017). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society

Fig. 15

Adapted with permission from Zhang et al. (2017). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society

Fig. 16

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Abbreviations

K d :

Distribution coefficient (mL g−1)

K 1 :

Rate constant of first-order adsorption

K 2 :

Rate constant for pseudo-second-order model

q e :

Amount of solute adsorbed at equilibrium condition

q max :

Saturated monolayer adsorption capacity

K L :

Sorption equilibrium constant

K S :

Sips constant

C S :

Adsorbate solubility at a given temperature

K F :

Characteristic constant related to the adsorption capacity

C e :

Equilibrium concentration

C 0 :

Initial metal ion concentrations

n :

Characteristic constant related to adsorption intensity or degree of favorability of adsorption

b :

Temkin constant in relation to heat of sorption (kJ mol−1)

a :

Temkin isotherm constant (L g−1)

K H :

Halsey constants

n H :

Halsey constants

β :

A constant (proportional to the liquid molar volume)

E 0 :

Solid characteristic energy toward a reference compound

θ :

Degree of surface coverage

K FH :

Equilibrium constant of adsorption

n FH :

Number of metal ions occupying sorption sites

γ :

Sips parameter

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Acknowledgements

Authors, A. H. Pandith and G. N. Dar thank DST, GOI, for financial support vide reference number DST/TM/WTI/2K16/248 (G). A.B, L.A.M and T.M would like to thank Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for financial assistance in the form of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India

    Arshid Bashir, Lateef Ahmad Malik, Sozia Ahad, Taniya Manzoor & Altaf Hussain Pandith

  2. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India

    Mudasir Ahmad Bhat

  3. Department of Physics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India

    G. N. Dar

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  1. Arshid Bashir
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Bashir, A., Malik, L.A., Ahad, S. et al. Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous system by ion-exchange and biosorption methods. Environ Chem Lett 17, 729–754 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00828-y

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