Abstract
A large number of ex situ sampling techniques have been used traditionally to investigate the impact and fate of pollutants in soil, sediment and waters. However, the distribution and form of chemical species present are often altered prior analysis, due to the alterations during sampling and transfer to the laboratory. Alternatively, a robust in situ passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), has been developed for the measurement of labile concentrations, species and distribution of various solutes in soil, sediment and waters. Here we review the recent developments in DGT device configurations and components, e.g., binding agents, diffusive phases and filter membranes. We highlight new configurations for effectively reducing the measurement errors and the disturbance of environmental media. We discuss DGT applications for the analysis of soil, sediment and water, such as evaluation of bioavailability and toxicity, measurement of nutrients and organic substances, and assessment of relationships between multiple solutes. We also present the coupling of DGT with other in situ measurement techniques such as dialysis samplers (Peeper), diffusive equilibrium in thin films (DET) and planar optodes (PO).
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Reprinted with permission from Ding et al., Copyright (2016b), The Royal Society of Chemistry
Reprinted with permission from Ding et al., Copyright (2016b), The Royal Society of Chemistry
Reprinted with permission from Liu et al., Copyright (2016), Elsevier. N
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Abbreviations
- BPs:
-
Bisphenols
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- BPF:
-
Bisphenol F
- BPB:
-
Bisphenol B
- DBL:
-
Diffusive boundary layer
- DGT:
-
Diffusive gradients in thin films
- DIFS:
-
DGT induced fluxes in sediments or soils
- DET:
-
Diffusive equilibrium in thin films
- HR-Peeper:
-
High-resolution Peeper
- PO:
-
Planar optode
- CID:
-
Computer imaging densitometry
- LA-ICP-MS:
-
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- ICP-OES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry
- GFAAS:
-
Graphite flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
- Zr-oxide:
-
Zirconium oxide
- SPR-IDA:
-
Suspended particulate reagent-iminodiacetate
- APA:
-
Agarose cross-linked polyacrylamide
- MBL:
-
Mixed binding layer
- SRP:
-
Soluble reactive phosphorus
- SWI:
-
Sediment–water interface
- DRP:
-
Dissolved reactive phosphorous
- ROL:
-
Radial oxygen loss
- 1D, 2D:
-
One-dimensional, two-dimensional
- EDCs:
-
Endocrine disrupting chemicals
- HPCPs:
-
Household and personal care products
- 4-CP:
-
4-chlorophenol
- PSS:
-
Poly (4-styrenesulfonate)
- PA:
-
Polyacrylate
- PEI:
-
Poly (ethyleneimine)
- Py-PEI:
-
Polymer-bound Schiff base
- SH-CNP:
-
Thiol-modified carbon nanoparticle
- Fe3O4NPs:
-
Fe3O4 nanoparticle aqueous suspensions
- PQAS:
-
Polyquaternary ammonium salt
- PVDF:
-
Polyvinylidene fluoride
- CN:
-
Cellulose nitrate
- PES:
-
Polyethersulfone
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This research work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571465, 41701570, and 41621002), The Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2016DM10).
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Li, C., Ding, S., Yang, L. et al. Diffusive gradients in thin films: devices, materials and applications. Environ Chem Lett 17, 801–831 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00839-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00839-9