Abstract
Energy demands, pollution and global warming induced by globalization are rising, thus calling for alternative sources of energies. In particular, biofuels are increasingly used for transportation, electric power and heat energy generation. Biofuels can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by up to 50%. Biofuels are produced from organic matter and waste such as dry lignocellulose, algae, yeast, restaurant greases, food grain, non-food grain and animal fats. Biofuel from crop residues can be promoted by government subsidies to reduce the fuel price and meet the requirement of industries, transportation and agricultural sectors.
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Abbreviations
- ACP:
-
Acyl carrier protein
- BTL:
-
Biomass to liquid
- BTUs:
-
British thermal units
- Cas:
-
CRISPR associated
- CCS:
-
Carbon capture and storage
- CHP:
-
Carbon heat and power
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- CSLF:
-
Cellulose solvent-based lignocellulose fractionation
- CRISPR:
-
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- DME:
-
Dimethyl ether
- DOE:
-
Department of Energy
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- EtOH:
-
Bioethanol
- eq/M.J:
-
Equivalent per megajoule
- 2-EH:
-
2-Ethylhexanol
- FAs:
-
Fatty acids
- FT:
-
Fischer–Tropsch
- g/g:
-
Gram by gram
- Gt:
-
Gigatonnes
- GHGs:
-
Greenhouse gases
- H2 :
-
Biohydrogen
- H2O:
-
Water
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulfide
- IBPGM:
-
Integrated biomass pyrolysis, gasification and methanol synthesis
- KOH:
-
Potassium hydroxide
- LHV:
-
Lower heating value
- MEC:
-
Microbial electrolysis cell
- MeOH:
-
Methanol
- MEF:
-
Microbial electrolysis cell
- MFC:
-
Microbial fuel cell
- Mo/Pt/WOx :
-
Molybdenum/platinum/tungsten oxide
- MT:
-
Million tonnes
- Mteo:
-
Million tonnes of oil equivalent
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- NER:
-
Net energy ratio
- NOX :
-
Nitrogen oxides
- NMB:
-
National mission on biodiesel
- OPEFB:
-
Oil palm empty fruit bunch
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PBRs:
-
Photo-bioreactors
- PEM:
-
Polymer electrolyte membrane
- PS:
-
Photo-system
- PoGA15A:
-
Starch-digesting glucoamylase
- S. cerevisiae :
-
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- SNG:
-
Synthetic natural gas
- SPSC01:
-
Self-flocculating yeast strain
- SO2 :
-
Sulfur dioxide
- SO3 :
-
Sulfur trioxide
- SSF:
-
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
- TAG:
-
Triacylglycerol
- w/v:
-
Weight by volume
- US:
-
United States
- USA:
-
United States of America
- XUSE:
-
Xylose-utilizing engineered S. cerevisiae strain
- v/v:
-
Volume by volume
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Srivastava, R.K., Shetti, N.P., Reddy, K.R. et al. Biofuels, biodiesel and biohydrogen production using bioprocesses. A review. Environ Chem Lett 18, 1049–1072 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00999-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00999-7