Abstract
The decline of fossil- and ore-based materials is calling for more recycling of waste into new materials. Here, I review the recycling of ashes from biomass into reagents for chemical synthesis and biodiesel production. Biomass includes banana, pomegranate, rice, papaya, century plant, water hyacinth, bael fruit, nilgiri, mango, onion, muskmelon fruit, pomelo, lemon fruit, teak and tamarind. Chemical reactions include Knoevenagel condensation, Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, Sonogashira reaction, Dakin reaction, Henry reaction, Ullmann coupling, Pd-catalyzed homocoupling, aromatic bromination, hydroxylation of arylboronic acids, hydration of nitriles and azide–alkyne click reaction. The synthesis of peptide bonds, disulfides, aminochromenes, carboxycoumarins, diazohydroxy esters, imidazopyridines, pyranopyrazoles, chalcones, flavones and bisenols is described.
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reproduced from Leitemberger et al. (2019) with permission from the John Wiley & Sons
reproduced from Das et al. (2021) with permission from the Elsevier
reproduced from Lakshmidevi et al. (2018) with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry
reproduced from Appa et al. (2019b) with permission from the John Wiley & Sons
reproduced from Appa et al. (2021a) with permission from the Elsevier
reproduced from Kumar et al. (2018) with permission from the John Wiley & Sons
reproduced from Dwivedi et al. (2019) with permission from the John Wiley & Sons
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Acknowledgements
K. Venkateswarlu thanks Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, for financial support (grant no. 02(0196)/14/EMR-II) and Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, for the support in writing this review.
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Venkateswarlu, K. Ashes from organic waste as reagents in synthetic chemistry: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 3887–3950 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01253-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01253-4