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Scaling of lumbar vertebrae in anthropoids and implications for evolution of the hominoid axial skeleton

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Abstract

We investigated allometric relationships between vertebral centrum cranial surface areas and body weight and skeletal lumbar length in extant platyrrhine and cercopithecid species. Platyrrhines have smaller lumbar vertebral centra regarding the cranial surface area relative to their body weight than extant catarrhines. However, the stress to the spine of quadrupeds is not only influenced by the body weight but also its length, which contributes to the amount of bending moment. Our results indicated that platyrrhines and cercopithecids have similar lumbar vertebral centrum surface areas when they are scaled on the product of the body weight and skeletal lumbar length. Platyrrhines generally tend to have relatively short lumbar columns for a given body weight. As a result of this tendency, their vertebral centra appear relatively small if only body weight is taken into account. The centrum surface area is rather constant relative to the product of the body weight and skeletal lumbar length within platyrrhines or cercopithecids, despite the fact that skeletal lumbar length is in itself rather variable relative to body weight. This result indicates that the vertebral centrum articular area, the lumbar column length and the body weight are strongly correlated with each other and that such relationships are similar between platyrrhines and cercopithecids. These relationships were observed using both the zygapophyseal and rib definitions of the lumbar vertebrae. However, they were more clearly observed when the zygapophyseal definition was adopted. It appeared that lumbar vertebrae of Proconsul nyanzae (KNM−MW 13142) had distinctively smaller surface areas relative to its body weight and lumbar length than for platyrrhines and cercopithecids, differing from extant hominoids, which have comparatively larger lumbar vertebrae. In the case of Morotopithecus, the lumbar vertebral surface area seems to be as large as in extant platyrrhines and cercopithecids if it had a reduced number of lumbar vertebrae. It is uncertain whether its lumbar vertebral surface area was as large as in extant hominoids.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the curators of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and the Japan Monkey Centre for their permission to access specimens under their care. This research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for COE Research 2001 and a Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (COE) 2002 from The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). We appreciate comments by Y. Hamada, M. Natori and another anonymous reviewer on the earlier version of our manuscript.

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  1. Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

    Masato Nakatsukasa & Youichi Hirose

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  1. Masato Nakatsukasa
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  2. Youichi Hirose
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Correspondence to Masato Nakatsukasa.

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Nakatsukasa, M., Hirose, Y. Scaling of lumbar vertebrae in anthropoids and implications for evolution of the hominoid axial skeleton. Primates 44, 127–135 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-002-0010-z

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