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A Survey of Methods for the Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Scaffold Permeability

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Abstract

The performance of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications is evaluated, in general, in terms of porosity, pore size and distribution, and pore tortuosity. These descriptors are often confounding when they are applied to characterize transport phenomena within porous scaffolds. On the contrary, permeability is a more effective parameter in (1) estimating mass and species transport through the scaffold and (2) describing its topological features, thus allowing a better evaluation of the overall scaffold performance. However, the evaluation of TE scaffold permeability suffers of a lack of uniformity and standards in measurement and testing procedures which makes the comparison of results obtained in different laboratories unfeasible. In this review paper we summarize the most important features influencing TE scaffold permeability, linking them to the theoretical background. An overview of methods applied for TE scaffold permeability evaluation is given, presenting experimental test benches and computational methods applied (1) to integrate experimental measurements and (2) to support the TE scaffold design process. Both experimental and computational limitations in the permeability evaluation process are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

ε :

Porosity, dimensionless

V V :

Volume of void space (m3)

V :

Total volume of the scaffold (m3)

ε e :

Effective porosity, dimensionless

V mw :

Volume of the pores containing water that is free to move through the saturate system (m3)

V S :

Volume of the solid phase (m3)

V iw :

Volume of immobile pores containing the fluid in the dead-end pores (m3)

D p :

Pore diameter (m)

r p :

Pore radius (m)

S p :

Pore area obtained by binarized images (m2)

P p :

Pore perimeter obtained by binarized images (m)

T :

Tortuosity, dimensionless

L :

Scaffold thickness in the direction of macroscopic flow (m)

L 0 :

Actual hydraulic path-length (m)

s :

Specific surface area (m−1)

SW :

Total surface area of pore walls available for cell adhesion (m2)

μ :

Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)

U :

Linear flow velocity (m s−1)

k :

Darcian permeability of porous medium (m2)

Q :

Volumetric flow rate (m3 s−1)

A :

Surface area of the scaffold (m2)

k nDarcy :

Non-Darcian permeability of porous medium (m)

c K :

Empirical Kozeny constant, dimensionless

ΔP sec :

Pressure drop related to section change (Pa)

v :

Fluid velocity = Q/A (m s−1)

K :

Hydraulic conductivity (m s−1)

i :

Hydraulic gradient, dimensionless

H :

Distance between two free water surfaces, dimensionless

r :

Radius of the scaffold sample (m)

a :

Cross-sectional area of the standpipe (m2)

\( \dot{M}_{{{\text{B}}1}} \) :

Mass flow rate without scaffold (kg s−1)

\( \dot{M}_{{{\text{B}}2}} \) :

Mass flow rate with scaffold (kg s−1)

R w :

Radius of the water outlet (m)

η :

Percent compression, dimensionless

ρ*/ρ s :

Scaffold relative density, dimensionless

\( \bar{\tau } \) :

Shear stress (Pa)

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Acknowledgment

The financial support provided by the ‘Regione Piemonte’ METREGEN project is gratefully acknowledged.

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The authors indicated no potential conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy

    F. Pennella, G. Cerino, D. Massai, D. Gallo, G. Falvo D’Urso Labate, M. A. Deriu, A. Audenino & Umberto Morbiducci

  2. I.N.Ri.M. – National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada della Cacce 91, 10135, Turin, Italy

    A. Schiavi

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  1. F. Pennella
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Associate Editor Smadar Cohen oversaw the review of this article.

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Pennella, F., Cerino, G., Massai, D. et al. A Survey of Methods for the Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Scaffold Permeability. Ann Biomed Eng 41, 2027–2041 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0815-5

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