Skip to main content
Log in

The limited relevance of culture to strategy

  • Published:
Asia Pacific Journal of Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

How are the theory and practice of strategy different in the Asia Pacific? I propose that answers to this question have gained little from incorporating culture as an explanation. There is little evidence that culture-oriented research published in the Asia Pacific Journal of Management or in other management journals has substantially influenced strategy theory. Despite its value in explaining some macro- and micro-phenomena, the construct of culture has not improved understanding of firm strategy or performance. This leads to the general argument that culture has limited relevance for strategy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, F. G., & Vernon, H. 2007. Cultural considerations of business and economic development in East Asia. In H. W. C. Yeung (Ed.), Handbook of research on Asian business. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. H., & Hofstede, G. 1990. The cash value of Confucian values. In S. R. Clegg, & S. G. Redding (Eds.), Capitalism in contrasting cultures. de Gruyter: NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, P. J. 2004. Asian network firms: An analytical framework. Asia Pacific Business Review, 10(3/4): 254–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, M. 1998. A management capacity constraint? Obstacles to the development of the overseas Chinese family business. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 15: 137–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, M., & Gedajlovic, E. 2001. Corporate governance and firm capabilities: A comparison of managerial, alliance and personal capitalisms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 18: 335–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti, A., Singh, K., & Mahmood, I. 2007. Diversification and performance: Evidence from east Asian firms, Strategic Management Journal, 28(2): 101–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, A. 1990. Scale and scope. The dynamics of industrial capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. 1995. Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., & Muhiudeen, C. 1984. The Protestant work ethic in Britain and Malaysia. Journal of Social Psychology, 122: 157–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur, A. S., Delios, A., & Singh, K.. 2007. Institutional environments, staffing strategies, and subsidiary performance. Journal of Management, forthcoming.

  • Hamilton, G. G., & Biggart, N. W. 1988. Market, culture and authority: A comparative analysis of management and organization in the far east. American Journal of Sociology, 94: S52–S94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 1984. Cultural dimensions in management and planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1: 81–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 2007. Asian management in the 21st century. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24 (this issue).

  • Huntington, S. P., & Harrison, L. E. 2000. Culture matters: How values shape human progress. NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. 1997. Why focused strategies may be wrong for emerging markets. Harvard Business Review, July–August, 41–51.

  • Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. 1999. Policy shocks, market intermediaries, and corporate strategy: Evolution of business groups in Chile and India. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 8: 271–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., Hoskisson, R. E., Tihanyi, L., and Hong, J. 2004. The evolution and restructuring of diversified business groups in emerging markets: The lessons from Chaebols in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21: 25–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kock, C. J., & Guillen, M. F. 2001. Strategy and structure in developing countries: Business groups as an evolutionary response to opportunities for unrelated diversification. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(1): 77–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kogut, B., & Singh, H. 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3): 411–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. 1999. Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54(2): 471–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, C. M. 2002. Asian management research: Frontiers and challenges. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(2&3): 171–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K., Bhagat, R. S., Buchan, N. R., Erez, M., & Gibson, C. B. 2005. Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 36: 357–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, K. E. 2007. Asian contexts and the search for general theory in management research: A rejoinder. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24 (this issue).

  • North, D. 1990. Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. W. 2002. Towards an institution-based view of business strategy. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19: 251–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. W., Wang, D., & Jiang, Y. 2008. An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies (in press).

  • Redding, S. G. 1980. Cognition as an aspect of culture and its relation to management processes: An exploratory view of the Chinese case. Journal of Management Studies, 17: 127–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redding, S. G. 1990. The spirit of Chinese capitalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, C. J., & Hoffman, J. J. 2000. How different are we? An investigation of Confucian values in the United States. Journal of Managerial Issues, 12: 34–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelt, R. P. 1991. How much does industry matter? Strategic Management Journal, 12: 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W. R. 1995. Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenkar, O. 2001. Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 32: 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. 2004. Towards the development of strategy theory: Contributions from Asia research. In S. White, & K. Leung (Eds.), Handbook of Asian management. Boston, MA: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniam, S. 2000. The Asian values debate: Implications for the spread of liberal democracy. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 27: 19–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui-Auch, L. S. 2005. Unpacking regional ethnicity and the strength of ties in shaping ethnic entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 26(8): 1189–1216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, R. 1997. Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for “paternalistic headship” among overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18: 445–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. 2002. Rigor and relevance in Asian management research: Where are we and where can we go? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(2 & 3): 287–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, S., & Leung, K. 2004. Handbook of Asian management. Boston, MA: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, H. Y. C. 2007. Handbook of research on Asian business. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

  • Zhou, K. Z., & Li, B. 2007. How does strategic orientation matter in Chinese firms? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24 (this issue).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kulwant Singh.

Additional information

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the APJM special issue conference on Asian business groups and conglomerates in Singapore in December 2005. This paper draws from parts of Singh (2004). I thank Mike Peng (Editor-in-Chief) for his invitation and comments.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Singh, K. The limited relevance of culture to strategy. Asia Pacific J Manage 24, 421–428 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-007-9057-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-007-9057-0

Keywords

Navigation