Abstract
Trichoshield, a talc formulation consisting of spores of Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma lignorum, Gliocladium virens and Bacillus subtilis was tested, following different application methods, for its ability to promote growth of pearl millet plants and to induce resistance to downy mildew of pearl millet. Under laboratory conditions, trichoshield seed treatment enhanced seed germination and seedling vigor of pearl millet significantly over the control; under greenhouse conditions vegetative growth parameters like height, fresh and dry weight, leaf area and number of tillers were significantly enhanced over the control: Trichoshield formulation offered greater protection against downy mildew in comparison with individual strains of T. harzianum, T. lignorum, G. virensand B. subtilis. Among the methods of application, foliar spray was found to be a more efficient delivery method than seed treatment or slurry treatment. Combinations of foliar spray with seed treatment and slurry treatment produced the same effect as foliar spray alone. Under field conditions, trichoshield treatment enhanced reproductive parameters like number of earheads, length and girth of earheads, 1000 seed weight and yield significantly over the control. Days required for 50% flowering was reduced by 4 days compared to the control. Yield enhancement of 28% over the control was highly significant. Trichoshield treatment offered protection ranging from 52 to 71% under field conditions, depending on the application method. However, the chemical fungicide metalaxyl Apron provided the highest protection against downy mildew, both under greenhouse and field conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.A. Abdul Baki J.D. Anderson (1973) ArticleTitleVigor determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria Crop Sci. 13 630–633 Occurrence Handle10.2135/cropsci1973.0011183X001300060013x
R. Baker (1989) ArticleTitleImproved Trichoderma spp. for promoting crop productivity Trends Biotechnol 7 34–38
S.K. Bhatnagar I.S. Khairwal S. Pareek (2002) Pearl millet nucleus and breeder seed production. Technical BulletinProject Co-ordinator (Pearl Millet) AICPMIP Jodhpur India
R.N. Bunker K. Mathur (2001) ArticleTitleIntegration of biocontrol agents and fungicide for suppression of dry root rot of Capsicum frutescens. J. Mycol Plant Pathol 31 330–334 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xjt1WqsbY%3D
G. De Meyer J. Bigirimana Y. Elad M. Hofte (1998) ArticleTitleInduced systemic resistance in Trichoderma harzianum T39 biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104 279–286
B.K. Duffy D.M. Weller (1995) ArticleTitleUse of Gaemannomyces graminis var. graminis alone and in combination with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. to suppress take-all of wheat Plant Dis 79 907–911
B.K. Duffy A. Simon D.M. Weller (1996) ArticleTitleCombination of Trichoderma koningii with fluorescent pseudomonads for control of take-all on wheat Phytopathology 86 188–194
InstitutionalAuthorNameFood and Agricultural Organization (1986) Production Yearbook NumberInSeries70 FAO United Nations Rome.
R. Hammerschmidt J. Kuc (1995) Induced Resistance to Disease in Plants Kluwer Dordrecht 182
D.Y. Han D.L. Coplin W.D. Bauer H.A.J. Hointik (2000) ArticleTitleA rapid bioassay for screening rhizosphere microorganisms for their ability to induce systemic resistance Phytopathology 90 327–332 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXisFertrs%3D Occurrence Handle18944580
L.E. Hanson (2000) ArticleTitleReduction of Verticillium wilt symptoms in cotton following seed treatment with Trichoderma virens J. Cotton Sci 4 224–231
Harmann G.E., Bjorjmann T. (1998). Potential and existing uses of Trichoderma, Gliocladium for plant disease control, plant growth enhancement. In: Harmann G.E., Kubicek C.K.(eds). Trichoderma and Gliocladium Vol. 2 pp. 229–265.
M. Heil R.M. Bostock (2002) ArticleTitleInduced systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogens in the context of induced plant defenses Ann. Bot. 89 503–512 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkvVGktr4%3D Occurrence Handle12099523
C.R. Howell (2003) ArticleTitleMechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases: the history and evolution of current concepts Plant Dis. 87 4–10
J. Inbar M. Abramsky D. Cohen I. Chet (1994) ArticleTitlePlant growth enhancement and disease control by Trichoderma harzianum in vegetable seedlings grown under commercial conditions Eur. J. Plant Pathol 100 337–346
ISTA 1993. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Sci. Technol. 21: 25–30.
M. Kilian U. Steiner B. Krebs H. Junge G. Schmiedeknecht R. Hain (2000) ArticleTitleFZB24 Bacillus subtilis – mode of action of a microbial agent enhancing plant vitality Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten, Bayer 1/00 1 72–93
O. Kleifeld I. Chet (1992) ArticleTitleTrichoderma harzianum – interaction with plants and effect on growth response Plant Soil 144 267–272
R.P. Larkin D.R. Fravel (1998) ArticleTitleEfficacy of various fungal and bacterial biocontrol organisms for control of Fusarium wilt of tomato Plant Dis 82 1022–1028
J.A. Lewis R.D. Lumsden J.C. Locke (1996) ArticleTitleBiocontrol of damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum with alginate prills of Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma hamatum, and various food bases. Biocontrol Sci Technol 6 163–173
W.C.DA. Luz (2001) ArticleTitleEvaluation of plant growth-promoting, bioprotecting rhizobacteria on wheat crop Fitopatologia Brasileira 26 597–600
D.E. Mathre R.J. Cook N.W. Callan (1999) ArticleTitleFrom discovery to use: traversing the world of commercializing biocontrol agents for plant disease control Plant Dis. 83 972–983
R. Nandakumar S. Babu R. Viswanathan T. Raguchander R. Samiyappan (2001) ArticleTitleInduction of systemic resistance in rice against sheath blight disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens Soil Biol. Biochem 33 603–612 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXis1aks7c%3D
S. Niranjan Raj G. Chaluvaraju K.N. Amruthesh H.S. Shetty M.S. Reddy J.W. Kloepper (2003a) ArticleTitleAccepted for publication 7 November 2002 Induction of growth promotion and resistance against downy mildew on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) by rhizobacteria. Plant Dis 87 380–384
Raj Niranjan S. S.A. Deepak P. Basavaraju H.S. Shetty M.S. Reddy J.W. Kloepper (2003) ArticleTitleComparative performance of formulations of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in growth promotion and downy mildew disease suppression in pearl millet Crop Prot 22 579–588
E.A. Pierson D.M. Weller (1994) ArticleTitleUse of mixtures of fluorescent pseudomonads to suppress take-all and improve the growth of wheat Phytopathology 84 940–947
L. Praveen Kumar S.R. Niranjana H.S. Prakash H.S. Shetty (2000) ArticleTitleEffect of Pseudomonas fluorescens formulation against Pyricularia grisea in rice Crop Improvement 27 193–200
L. Praveen Kumar S.R. Niranjana H.S. Prakash H.S. Shetty (2001) ArticleTitleImprovement of seed quality and field emergence of rice seeds using an antagonistic strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci 3 11–15
N.S. Raju S.R. Niranjana G.R. Janaradhana H.S. Prakash H.S. Shetty S.B. Mathur (1999) ArticleTitleImprovement of seed quality and field emergence of Fusarium moniliformeinfected sorghum seeds using biological agents J. Sci. Food Agric. 79 206–212 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsVSksL8%3D
K.M. Safeeulla (1976) Biology and control of the downy mildews of pearl millet sorghum and finger millet Wesley Press Mysore 304
Shetty S.A., Shetty H.S., Mathur S.B.(1995). Downy mildew of pearl millet Technical Buletin Downy Mildew Research Laboratory. Department of Studies in Applied Botany, University of Mysore Manasagangotri Mysore – 570 006
S.D. Singh R. Gopinath (1985) ArticleTitleA seedling inoculation technique for detecting downy mildew resistance in pearl millet Plant Dis 69 582–584
Steiner (1990) ArticleTitleCharakterisierung der biologisch aktiven Komponenten des Resistenz induzierenden Kulturfiltrates von Bacillus subtilis Mitteilungen der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land-und Forstwirtschaft 226 292
S. Umesha S.M. Dharmesh S.A. Shetty Krishnappa M. H.S. Shetty (1998) ArticleTitleBiocontrol of downy mildeu disease of pear millet using Pseudomonas fluorescens Crop Prot 17 IssueID5 387–392
L.C. Van Loon P.A.H.M. Bakker C.M.J. Pieterse (1998) ArticleTitleSystemic resistance induced by Rhizosphere bacteria Annu. Rev. Phytopathol 36 453–483 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmtlaltLo%3D Occurrence Handle15012509
R.J. Williams (1984) Downy mildew of tropical cereals D.S. Ingram P.H. Williams (Eds) Advances in Plant Pathology NumberInSeries2 Academic Press London 1–103
R.J. Williams S.J. Singh (1981) ArticleTitleControl of pearl millet downy mildew by seed treatment with metalaxyl Ann. Appl. Bot 97 262–268
I. Yedidia N. Benhamou I. Chet (1999) ArticleTitleInduction of defense responses in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum Appl. Environ. Microbiol 65 1061–1070 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhslWktLg%3D Occurrence Handle10049864
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raj, S.N., Shetty, N.P. & Shetty, H.S. Synergistic effects of Trichoshield on enhancement of growth and resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet. Biocontrol 50, 493–509 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-004-0460-x
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-004-0460-x