Abstract
Conflict between people and wildlife is a major issue in both wildlife conservation and rural development. In African rangelands, species such as African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) may kill livestock and are therefore themselves killed by local pastoralists. Such conflict has led to the extirpation of these species from many areas, and also impacts the livelihoods of local livestock farmers. To investigate the possibilities for coexistence of people, livestock, and large predators in community rangelands, we measured the effectiveness of traditional livestock husbandry in reducing depredation by wild carnivores, using a case–control approach. Different measures were effective against different predator species but, overall, the risk of predator attack by day was lowest for small herds, accompanied by herd dogs as well as human herders, grazing in open habitat. By night, the risk of attack was lowest for herds held in enclosures (‘bomas’) with dense walls, pierced by few gates, where both men and domestic dogs were present. Unexpectedly, the presence of scarecrows increased the risks of attack on bomas. Our findings suggest that improvements to livestock husbandry can contribute to the conservation and recovery of large carnivores in community rangelands, although other measures such as prey conservation and control of domestic dog diseases are also likely to be necessary for some species.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thanks Leonard Chenguli, Barnabas Ekaran, Nteere Gitonga, Martin Kahindi, Morias Kisio, Daniel Lekilit, Peter Lekitasharan, Ntirango Lekodei, Lkekui Lelesit, Leiyer Lempusia, John Katarin Lenanyankera, Saidimu Lengarawet, Lekoria Lengolooni, John Lesepe, Sinyati Lesowapir, Sammy Letepetaa, Julius Leturuka, Daniel Lomoe, Jackson Lorkitama, David Masere, Peter Mengich, Benson Minyarit, Joseph Musiany, Symon Ntunyoi, Julius ole Silikan and Andrew Stein for assistance in the field. This study was funded by Lincoln Park Zoo, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the African Wildlife Foundation and St Louis Zoo. This project is carried out under permission from the Kenya Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, through a collaboration with the Kenya Wildlife Service.
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Woodroffe, R., Frank, L.G., Lindsey, P.A. et al. Livestock husbandry as a tool for carnivore conservation in Africa’s community rangelands: a case–control study. Biodivers Conserv 16, 1245–1260 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9124-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9124-8