Abstract
The interaction between natural, archaeological and agricultural elements is evident in many historical sites, such as the Medieval Benedictine Monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno, located in an area of great agricultural and environmental value. Biodiversity issues are rarely considered in archaeological conservation and vice versa. This paper describes an assessment methodology for the evaluation of the natural and historical value of a site, necessary for a proper evaluation and as a preparatory step to aid decision-making and planning. In the analysed area, our findings showed an interesting floristic and vegetational heterogeneity, which were extremely valuable from a conservation point of view. Few alien species were found. Comparison with protected or endangered species and habitat lists led to the identification of a series of areas in need of more active protection, including arid grasslands presenting high biodiversity and attributable to the 6210* European Habitat. A cultural landscape evaluation was based on archaeobotanical and historical data, and it shows an interesting mosaic system. An assessment of the interaction between natural vegetation and monuments showed minimal impact from wall vegetation but a high potential risk due to wood colonisation in an area with unexcavated buildings. The usefulness of such an approach in the management of an archaeological site is that it offers an opportunity for optimisation: a proper evaluation can reduce the risk of damage and the presence of the archaeological park allows for protection and highlights natural valuable elements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnoletti M (2014) Rural landscape, nature conservation and culture: some notes on research trends and management approaches from a (southern) European prospective. Landsc Urban Plan 126:66–73
Agnoletti M, Rotherham ID (2015) Landscape and biocultural diversity. Biodivers Conserv 24:3155–3165
Amici V, Landi S, Frascaroli F, Rocchini D, Santi E, Chiarucci A (2015) Anthropogenic drivers for plant diversity: prospective on land use change in a dynamic cultural landscape. Biodivers Conserv 24(13):3185–3199
Antrop M (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landsc Urban Plan 70:21–34
APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20
Arnaboldi F, Conedera M, Maspoli G (2002) Distribuzione e potenziale invasivo di Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle nel Ticino centrale. Bollettino della Società Ticinese di Scienze Naturali 90:93–101
Bagella S, Caria MC, Farris E, Rossetti I, Filigheddu R (2016) Traditional land uses enhanced plant biodiversity in a Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral system. Plant Biosyst 150(2):201–207
Baiamonte G, Domina G, Raimondo FM, Bazan G (2015) Agricultural landscapes and biodiversity conservation: a case study in Sicily (Italy). Biodivers Conserv 24:3201–3216
Ballero M, Ariu A, Falagiani P, Piu G (2003) Allergy to Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) pollen. Allergy 58:532–533
Bartoli F, Casanova Municchia A, Futagami Y, Kashiwadani H, Moon KH, Caneva G (2014) Biological colonization patterns on the ruins of Angkor temples (Cambodia) in the biodeterioration vs bioprotection debate. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 96:157–165
Bartoli F, Romiti F, Caneva G (2016) Aggressiveness of Hedera helix L. growing on monuments: evaluation in Roman archaeological sites and guidelines for a general methodological approach. Plant Biosyst. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1218969
Biondi E (2005) Vegetation and priority habitats. In: Blasi C, Boitani L, La Posta S, Manes F, Marchetti M (eds) Biodiversity in Italy—contribution to the National Biodiversity Strategy. Società Botanica Italiana - Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare Direzione Protezione della Natura, Palombi Editori, Roma, pp 202–237
Biondi E, Allegrezza M, Guitian J (1988) Mantelli di vegetazione nel piano collinare dell’Appennino centrale. Doc Phytosociol 11:479–490
Biondi E, Allegrezza M, Frattaroli AR (1992) Inquadramento fitosociologico di alcune formazioni pascolive dell’Appennino Abruzzese-Molisano. Doc Phytosociol 14:195–210
Biondi E, Allegrezza M, Casavecchia S, Pesaresi S, Vagge I (2006) Lineamenti vegetazionali e paesaggio vegetale dell’Appennino centrale e settentrionale. Biogeographia XXVII:35–129
Biondi E, Blasi C, Burrascano S, Casavecchia S, Copiz R, Del Vico E, Galdenzi D, Gigante D, Lasen C, Spampinato G, Venanzoni R, Zivkovic L (2009) Manuale Italiano di Interpretazione degli Habitat della Direttiva 92/43/CEE. Società Botanica Italiana - Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare Direzione Protezione della Natura. http://vnr.unipg.it/habitat/
Biondi E, Blasi C, Allegrezza M, Anzellotti I, Azzella MM, Carli E, Casavecchia S, Copiz R, Del Vico E, Facioni L, Galdenzi D, Gasparri R, Lasen C, Pesaresi S, Poldini L, Sburlino G, Taffetani F, Vagge I, Zitti S, Zivkovic L (2014) Plant communities of Italy: the vegetation prodrome. Plant Biosyst 148(4):728–814
Blasi C (ed) (2010) La Vegetazione d’Italia, Carta delle Serie di Vegetazione (1:500.000). Palombi & Partner, S.r.l. Roma
Blasi C, Michetti L (2005) Biodiversity and climate. In: Blasi C, Boitani L, La Posta S, Manes F, Marchetti M (eds) Biodiversity in Italy. Contribution to the National Biodiversity Strategy, Palombi Editori, Rome, pp 57–66
Blasi C, Capotorti G, Frondoni R, Guida D, Mollo B, Smiraglia D, Zavattero L (2011) Vegetation science and the ecoregional approach: a proposal for the ecological land classification of Italy. Fitosociologia 48(2) suppl.1:75–82
Blondel J (2006) The “design” of Mediterranean landscapes: a millennial story of humans and ecological systems during the historic period. Hum Ecol 34(5):713–729
Blumstein GI (1943) Sensitivity to Ailanthus pollen: with report of two clinically sensitive patiens. J Allergy 14(4):329–334
Böcker R, Kowarik I (1982) Der Göttenbaum (Ailanthus altissima) in Berlin (West). Berliner Naturschutzblätter 26:4–9
Brancaccio L, D’Argenio B, Ferreri V, Stanzione D, Turi B, Preite Martinez M (1986) Caratteri tessiturali e geochimici dei travertini di Rocchetta a Volturno (Molise). Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 105(03–04):265–277
Caneva G (1991) Il problema della crescita di Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle nelle zone archeologiche e monumentali. In: Le pietre nell’architettura: struttura e superfici. Atti del convegno di studi, Bressanone 25–28 giugno 1991 Libreria Progetto Editore, pp 225–234
Caneva G (1997) A botanical approach to the planning of archaeological parks in Italy. Conserv Manag Archaeol Sites 3:127–134
Caneva G, Dinelli A, De Marco G, Vinci M (1995) Le classi Parietarietea diffusae (Rivas-Martínez 1964) Oberd. 1977 e Adiantetea Br.-Bl. 1947 nelle aree archeologiche romane. Fitosociologia 29:165–179
Caneva G, Cutini M, Pacini A, Vinci M (2002) Analysis of the Colosseum’s floristic changes during the last four centuries. Plant Biosyst 136(3):291–312
Caneva G, Salvadori O, Ricci S, Ceschin S (2005) Ecological analysis and biodeterioration processes over time at the Hieroglyphic Stairway in the Copàn (Honduras) archaeological site. Plant Biosyst 139(3):295–310
Caneva G, Galotta G, Cancellieri L, Savo V (2009) Tree roots and damages in the Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia (Roma). J Cult Herit 10:53–62
Caneva G, Bartoli F, Ceschin S, Salvadori O, Futagami Y, Salvati L (2015) Exploring ecological relationships in the biodeterioration patterns of Angkor temples (Cambodia) along a forest canopy gradient. J Cult Herit 16(5):728–735
Carannate A, Chilardi S, Fiorentino G, Guglielmi R, Lange M, Marazzi F, Pecci A, Salamida P, Solinas F (2007) I reperti delle cucine monastiche di di San Vincenzo al Volturno. In: Marazzi F, Gobbi A (eds) Il lavoro nella regola – l’approvvigionamento alimentare e il cantiere edile di San Vincenzo al Volturno tra IX e XI secolo. Quaderni della Ricerca Scientifica - Serie Beni Culturali, Suor Orsola Benincasa, Napoli, pp 46–48
Carannate A, Chilardi S, Fiorentino G, Pecci A, Solinas F (2008) Le cucine di San Vincenzo al Volturno. Ricostruzione funzionale in base ai dati topografici, strutturali, bioarcheologici e chimici. In: De Rubeis F, Marazzi F (eds) Monasteri in Europa occidentale (secoli VIII-XI): topografia e strutture. Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Viella Editore, Roma, pp 489–587
Carta L (2005) Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle (Simaroubaceae). Strategia riproduttiva e diffusione in Sardegna. Informatore Botanico Italiano 37:318–319
Casella F, Vurro M (2013) Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven): spread and harmfulness in a case-study urban area. Arboricult J 35(3):172–181
Celesti-Grapow L, Blasi C (2004) The role of alien and native weeds in the deterioration of archaeological remains in Italy. Weed Technol 18:1508–1513
Celesti-Grapow L, Pretto F, Carli E, Blasi C (eds) (2010) Flora vascolare alloctona e invasiva delle regioni d’Italia. Casa Editrice Università La Sapienza, Roma, p 208
Cerabolini BEL, Pierce S, Verginella A, Brusa G, Ceriani RM, Armiraglio S (2016) Why are many anthropogenic agroecosystems particularly species-rich? Plant Biosyst 150(3):550–557
Ceschin S, Bartoli F, Salerno G, Zuccarello V, Caneva G (2016) Natural habitats of typical plants growing on ruins of Roman archaeological sites (Rome, Italy). Plant Biosyst 150(5):866–875
Clergue B, Amiaud B, Pervanchon F, Lasserre-Joulin F, Plantureux S (2005) Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 25:1–15
Conti F, Manzi A, Pedrotti F (1992) Libro Rosso delle Piante d’Italia. WWF Italia. TIPAR Poligrafica Editrice, Roma, p 637
Conti F, Manzi A, Pedrotti F (1997) Liste Rosse Regionali delle Piante d’Italia. WWF Italia. Società Botanica Italiana, Università di Camerino, Camerino, p 139
Conti F, Abbate G, Alessandrini A, Blasi C (eds) (2005) An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. Palombi Editori, Roma, p 420
Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ, Standish RJ (2008) What’s new about old fields? Land abandonment and ecosystem assembly. Trends Ecol Evol 23(2):104–112
Crow P, Moffat AJ (2005) The management of the archaeological resource in UK wooded landscapes: an environmental perspective. Conserv Manag Archaeol Sites 7(2):103–116
Dale VH, Polasky S (2007) Measures of the effects of agricultural practices on ecosystem services. Ecol Econ 64:286–296
Deák B, Tóthmérész B, Valkó O, Sudnik-Wójcikowska B, Moysiyenko II, Bragina TM, Apostolova I, Dembicz I, Bykov NI, Török P (2016) Cultural monuments and nature conservation: a review of the role of kurgans in the conservation and restoration of steppe vegetation. Biodivers Conserv 25:2473–2490
Del Treppo M (1956) La vita economica e sociale in una grande abbazia del Mezzogiorno. San Vincenzo al Volturno nell’Alto Medioevo. Archivio storico per le province napoletane 74:31–110
Di Tomaso JM, Kyser GB (2007) Control of Ailanthus altissima using stem herbicide application techniques. Arboricult Urban For 33(1):55–63
Drescher A, Ließ N (2006) Control of alien woody species in the Danube National Park (Austria). The example of Ailanthus altissima. Bundesamt für Naturschutz Skripten 184:106
Duflot R, Aviron S, Ernoult A, Fahrig L, Burel F (2015) Reconsidering the role of ‘semi-natural habitat’ in agricultural landscape biodiversity: a case study. Ecol Res 30:75–83
Ejgreen Tjelldén AK, Munch Kristiansen S, Matthiesen H, Pedersen O (2015) Impact of roots and rhizomes on wetland archaeology: a review. Conserv Manag Archaeol Sites 17(4):370–391
El Aich A, Waterhouse A (1999) Small ruminants in environmental conservation. Small Rumin Res 34:271–287
Ellis EC (2015) Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere. Ecol Monogr 85(3):287–331
European Commission (2013) Interpretation manual of European Union Habitats – Eur 28. European Commission DG Environment. Nature ENVB.3
Farina A (2000) The cultural landscape as a model for the integration of ecology and economics. Bioscience 50(4):313–320
Florence Declaration (2014) Florence declaration on the links between biological and cultural diversity. In: 1st European conference for the implementation of the UNESCO-SCBD joint programme on biological and cultural diversity. Florence, Italy
Géhu JM, Rivas-Martínez S (1981) Notions fondamentales de phytosociologie. Berichte der Internationalen Symposien der InternationalenVereinigung für Vegetationkunde. Syntaxonomie 4:5–33
Genovesi P, Angelini P, Bianchi E, Dupré E, Ercole S, Giacanelli V, Ronchi F, Stoch F (2014) Specie e habitat di interesse comunitario in Italia: distribuzione, stato di conservazione e trend. ISPRA, Serie Rapporti 194/2014
Halada L, Evans D, Romão C, Petersen J-E (2011) Which habitats of European importance depend on agricultural practices? Biodivers Conserv 20:2365–2378
Harrison PA, Berry PM, Simpson G, Haslett JR, Blicharska M, Bucur M, Dunford R, Egoh B, Garcia-Llorente M, Geamănă N, Geertsema W, Lommelen E, Meiresonne L, Turkelboom F (2014) Linkages between biodiversity attributes and ecosystem services: a systematic review. Ecosyst Serv 9:191–203
Hodges R (2011) San Vincenzo al Volturno. Curr World Archaeol 47:60–63
Hodges R, Marazzi F (1995) San Vincenzo al Volturno. Sintesi di storia e archeologia. San Vincenzo Project – Arechis, Roma, p 63
Holmgren K, Gogou A, Izdebski A, Luterbacher J, Sicre M-A, Xoplaki E (2016) Mediterranean Holocene climate, environment and human societies. Quat Sci Rev 136:1–4
Izdebski A, Holmgren K, Weiberg E, Stocker SR, Büntgen U, Florenzano A, Gogou A, Leroy SAG, Luterbacher J, Martrat B, Masi A, Mercuri AM, Montagna P, Sadori L, Schneider A, Sicre M-A, Triantaphyllou M, Xoplaki E (2016) Realising consilience: how better communication between archaeologists, historians and natural scientists can transform the study of past climate change in the Mediterranean. Quat Sci Rev 136:5–22
Jauregui BM, Rosa-Garcia R, Garcia U, WallisDeVries MF, Osoro K, Celaya R (2008) Effects of stocking density and breed of goats on vegetation and grasshopper occurrence in heathlands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 123(1–3):219–224
Kowarik I, Säumel I (2007) Biological flora of Central Europe: Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Prospect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 8:207–237
Krigas N, Kokkini S (2004) A survey of the alien vascular flora of the urban and suburban area of Thessaloniki, N Greece. Willdenovia 34(1):81–99
Li C, Hao X, Zhao M, Han G, Willms WD (2008) Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a Desert Steppe in Inner Mongolia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 128:109–116
Lucchese F (1995) Elenco preliminare della flora spontanea del Molise. Annali di Botanica 53(suppl):12
Lucchese F (1996) Correzioni e aggiunte alla flora del Molise. Annali di Botanica 54:291–294
Lucchese F, Pignatti E (2009) La vegetazione delle aree archeologiche di Roma e della Campagna Romana. Quaderni di Botanica Ambientale e Applicata 20(2):3–89
Maes J, Paracchini ML, Zulian G, Dunbar MB, Alkemade R (2012) Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem service supply, biodiversity, and habitat conservation status in Europe. Biol Conserv 155:1–12
Marazzi F (2012) San Vincenzo al Volturno. L’abbazia e il suo territorium fra VIII e XII secolo - Note per la storia insediativa dell’Alta Valle del Volturno. Archivio Storico di Montacassino. Studi e documenti sul Lazio meridionale vol.15
Marazzi F, Gobbi A (eds) (2007) Il lavoro nella regola – l’approvvigionamento alimentare e il cantiere edile di San Vincenzo al Volturno tra IX e XI secolo. Quaderni della Ricerca Scientifica - Serie Beni Culturali, Suor Orsola Benincasa, Napoli
Mastroroberto M (ed) (1989) Archeologia e botanica. Atti del convegno di studi sul contributo della botanica alla conoscenza e alla conservazione delle aree archeologiche vesuviane. Ministero per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali – Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei
Mercuri AM (2014) Genesis and evolution of the cultural landscape in central Mediterranean: the ‘where, when and how’ through the palynological approach. Landsc Ecol 29:1799–1810
Mercuri AM, Florenzano A, Massamba N’siala I, Olmi L, Roubis D, Sogliani F (2010) Pollen from archaeological layers and cultural landscape reconstruction: case studies from the Bradano valley (Basilicata, southern Italy). Plant Biosyst 144(4):888–901
Mercuri AM, Allevato E, Arobba D, Bandini Mazzanti M, Bosi G, Caramiello R, Castiglioni E, Carra ML, Celant A, Costantini L, Di Pasquale G, Fiorentino G, Florenzano A, Guido M, Marchesini M, Mariotti Lippi M, Marvelli S, Miola A, Montanari C, Nisbet R, Peña-Chocarro L, Perego R, Ravazzi C, Rottoli M, Sadori L, Ucchesu M, Rinaldi R (2015) Pollen and macroremains from Holocene archaeological sites: a dataset for the understanding of the bio-cultural diversity of the Italian landscape. Rev Paleobot Palynol 218:250–266
Minissale P, Sciandrello S (2015) Plants and vegetation in the archaeological park of Neapolis of Syracuse (Sicily, Italy): a management effort and also an opportunity for better enjoyment of the site. Conserv Manag Archaeol Sites 17(4):340–369
Mishra AK, Jain KK, Garg KL (1995) Role of higher plants in the deterioration of historic buildings. Sci Total Environ 167(1):375–392
Moraldo B (1986) Il genere Stipa L. (Graminae) in Italia. Webbia 40:203–278
Motti R, Stinca A (2011) Analysis of the biodeteriogenic vascular flora at the Royal Palace of Portici in southern Italy. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 65:1256–1265
Papafotiou M, Kanellou E (2009) Restoration of a roman villa garden in the archaeological site of Eleusis. II Int Conf Landsc Urban Horticult 881:1011–1014
Paura B, Fortini P, Presti G, Stanisci A, Di Marzio P, Blasi C (2010) Le serie di vegetazione della Regione Molise. In: Blasi C (ed), La Vegetazione d’Italia (con Carta delle Serie di Vegetazione in scala 1:500.000). Palombi Editori, Roma, pp:337-349
Pecchioni E, Santo AP, Piccini L, Di Fazio L, Fratini F, Pallecchi P, Trevisan P, Garzonio CA (2015) The Vie Cave geomorphological site in Southern Tuscany (Italy): problems of decay and conservation. Sustainability 7:7530–7547
Pignatti S (1982) Flora d’Italia. Edagricole, Bologna Voll:1–3
Plieninger T, Draux H, Fagerholm N, Bieling C, Bürgi M, Kizos T, Kuemmerle T, Primdahl J, Verburg PH (2016) The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: a systematic review of the evidence. Land Use Policy 57:204–214
Rivas-Martínez S, Penas A, Díaz TE (2004) Bioclimatic and biogeographic maps of Europe. www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/maps.htm
Sadori L, Allevato E, Bellini C, Bertacchi A, Boetto G, Di Pasquale G, Giachi G, Giardini M, Masi A, Pepe C, Russo Ermolli E, Mariotti Lippi M (2015) Archaeobotany in Italian ancient Roman harbours. Rev Paleobot Palynol 218:217–230
SIC IT7212128 “Fiume Volturno dalle sorgenti al Fiume Cavaliere” Piano di Gestione – Regione Molise. In: Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2007–2013
Signorini MA (1996) L’indice di pericolosità: un contributo del botanico al controllo della vegetazione infestante nelle aree monumentali. Informatore botanico italiano 28:7–14
Sluiter R, de Jong SM (2007) Spatial patterns of Mediterranean land abandonment and related land cover transitions. Landsc Ecol 22(4):559–576
Taffetani F (2008) Boschi residui in Italia tra paesaggio rurale e conservazione. Atti del Terzo Congresso Nazionale di Selvicoltura, Taormina, pp 16–19
Taffetani F, Caputo V, Fabbri R, Rismondo M (2006) Reti ecologiche in agricoltura. Struttura, funzionamento e modellizzazione del paesaggio vegetale e dell’agroecosistema. Agribus Paesaggio Ambiente IX(3):186–197
Testa A (2011) L’alta Valle del Volturno in Età Antica. ArcheoMolise 8(III):18–25
Tokarska-Guzik B (2005) The establishment and spread of alien plant species (kenophytes) in the flora of Poland. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice, p 192
Valente F (1995) S.Vincenzo al Volturno - architettura e arte. Ed. Abbazia di Montecassino
Viciani D, Lastrucci L, Dell’Olmo L, Ferretti G, Foggi B (2014) Natura 2000 habitats in Tuscany (central Italy): synthesis of main conservation features based on a comprehensive database. Biodivers Conserv 23(6):1551–1576
Weber HE, Moravec J, Theurillat J-P (2000) International code of phytosociological nomenclature. J Veg Sci 11:739–768
Wehn S, Pedersen B, Hanssen SK (2011) A comparison of influences of cattle, goat, sheep and reindeer on vegetation changes in mountain cultural landscapes in Norway. Landsc Urban Plann 102:177–187
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the “Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio del Molise”, in particular the Superintendent Arch. Carlo Birrozzi, for supporting this research and Justin Bradshaw and Valentina Savo for their help with the English translation.
Funding
Funding was provided by Segretariato regionale del Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo del Molise (Grant No. prot. 1815/20/7/16).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by David Hawksworth.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cicinelli, E., Salerno, G. & Caneva, G. An assessment methodology to combine the preservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage: the San Vincenzo al Volturno historical site (Molise, Italy). Biodivers Conserv 27, 1073–1093 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1480-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1480-z