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Hourly and daily rainfall intensification causes opposing effects on C and N emissions, storage, and leaching in dry and wet grasslands

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Abstract

Climate change is expected to alter hourly and daily rainfall regimes and, in turn, the dynamics of ecosystem processes controlling greenhouse gas emissions that affect climate. Here, we investigate the effects of expected twenty-first century changes in hourly and daily rainfall on soil carbon and nitrogen emissions, soil organic matter (SOM) stocks, and leaching using a coupled mechanistic carbon and nitrogen soil biogeochemical model (BAMS2). The model represents various abiotic and biotic processes involving 11 SOM pools. These processes include fungal depolymerization, heterotrophic bacterial mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, microbial mortality, necromass decomposition, microbial response to water stress, protection, aqueous advection and diffusion, aqueous complexation, and gaseous dissolution. Multi-decadal modeling with varying rainfall patterns was conducted on nine Australian grasslands in tropical, temperate, and semi-arid regions. Our results show that annual \({\text{CO}}_2\) emissions in the semi-arid grasslands increase by more than 20% with a 20% increase in annual rainfall (with no changes in the rainfall timing), but the tropical grasslands have opposite trends. A 20% increase in annual rainfall also increases annual \({\text{N}}_2{\text{O}}\) and NO emissions in the semi-arid grasslands by more than 10% but decreases emissions by at least 25% in the temperate grasslands. When subjected to low frequency and high magnitude daily rainfall events with unchanged annual totals, the semi-arid grasslands are the most sensitive, but changes in annual \({\text{CO}}_2\) emissions and SOM stocks are less than \(5\%\). Intensification of hourly rainfall did not significantly alter \({\text{CO}}_2\) emissions and SOM stocks but changed annual \({\text{NH}}_3\) emissions in the tropical grasslands by more than 300%.

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Acknowledgements

FHMT and FM are supported by the SREI2020 EnviroSphere research program of the University of Sydney. FM is also supported by the Mid Career Research Award and Sydney Research Accelerator Fellowship (SOAR) of the University of Sydney. WJR is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 as part of the LBNL TES Belowground Biogeochemistry Scientific Focus Area. The authors thank Giulia Ceriotti for the many conversations on topics presented here. The authors acknowledge the Sydney Informatics Hub and the University of Sydney’s high performance computing cluster Artemis for providing the high performance computing resources that have contributed to the results reported within this work. The BRTSim solver package can be downloaded at https://sites.google.com/site/thebrtsimproject/home or from the mirror https://www.dropbox.com/sh/wrfspx9f1dvuspr/AAD5iA9PsteX3ygAJxQDxAy9a?dl=0.

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  1. Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Bld. J05, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Fiona H. M. Tang & Federico Maggi

  2. Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    William J. Riley

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Tang, F.H.M., Riley, W.J. & Maggi, F. Hourly and daily rainfall intensification causes opposing effects on C and N emissions, storage, and leaching in dry and wet grasslands. Biogeochemistry 144, 197–214 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00580-7

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