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Turbulent Transport of Momentum and Scalars Above an Urban Canopy

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An Erratum to this article was published on 31 January 2014

Abstract

Turbulent transport of momentum and scalars over an urban canopy is investigated using the quadrant analysis technique. High-frequency measurements are available at three levels above the urban canopy (47, 140 and 280 m). The characteristics of coherent ejection–sweep motions (flux contributions and time fractions) at the three levels are analyzed, particularly focusing on the difference between ejections and sweeps, the dissimilarity between momentum and scalars, and the dissimilarity between the different scalars (i.e., temperature, water vapour and \(\hbox {CO}_{2})\). It is found that ejections dominate momentum and scalar transfer at all three levels under unstable conditions, while sweeps are the dominant eddy motions for transporting momentum and scalars in the urban roughness sublayer under neutral and stable conditions. The flux contributions and time fractions of ejections and sweeps can be adequately captured by assuming a Gaussian joint probability density function for flow variables. However, the inequality of flux contributions from ejections and sweeps is more accurately reproduced by the third-order cumulant expansion method (CEM). The incomplete cumulant expansion method (ICEM) also works well except for \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) at 47 m where the skewness of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) fluctuations is significantly larger than that for vertical velocity. The dissimilarity between momentum and scalar transfers is linked to the dissimilarity in the characteristics of ejection–sweep motions and is further quantified by measures of transport efficiencies. Atmospheric stability is the controlling factor for the transport efficiencies of momentum and heat, and fitted functions from the literature describe their behaviour fairly accurately. However, transport efficiencies of water vapour and \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) are less affected by the atmospheric stability. The dissimilarity among the three scalars examined in this study is linked to the active role of temperature and to the surface heterogeneity effect.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Key Basic Research Grogram under grant 2010CB428502 and 2012CB417203, the China Meteorological Administration Grant GYHY201006024, the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program Grant XDA05110101, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41275022. Dan Li and Elie Bou-Zeid are supported by the United States National Science Foundation under Grant CBET-1058027. The authors thank the three reviewers whose comments and suggestions have substantially improved the manuscript.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Linlin Wang, Zhiqiu Gao & Xiaofeng Guo

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ , 08540, USA

    Dan Li & Elie Bou-Zeid

  3. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Ting Sun

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  1. Linlin Wang
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Correspondence to Dan Li.

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Wang, L., Li, D., Gao, Z. et al. Turbulent Transport of Momentum and Scalars Above an Urban Canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 150, 485–511 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9877-z

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