Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Do Evidence-Based Interventions Work When Tested in the “Real World?” A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Parent Management Training for the Treatment of Child Disruptive Behavior

  • Published:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Evidence-based interventions are often unavailable in everyday clinical settings. This may partly reflect practitioners’ assumptions that research evidence does not reflect “real-world” conditions. To examine this further, we systematically assessed the clinical effectiveness of parent management training (PMT) for the treatment of child disruptive behavior across different real-world practice contexts. We identified 28 relevant randomized controlled trials from a systematic search of electronic bibliographic databases and conducted a meta-analysis of child outcomes across trials. Planned subgroup analyses involved comparisons between studies grouped according to individual real-world practice criteria and total real-world practice criteria scores, reflecting the extent to which PMT was delivered by non-specialist therapists, to a clinic-referred population, in a routine setting, and as part of a routine service. Meta-analysis revealed a significant overall advantage for PMT compared with waitlist control conditions. Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate significant differences in effect size estimates according to the total number of real-world practice criteria met by studies. Moreover, no consistent relationships were found between specific practice criteria and effect size estimates. In conclusion, PMT appears to be an effective treatment for children with disruptive behavior problems. There was no clear evidence that conducting PMT in real-world practice contexts is a deterrent to achieving effective child behavior outcomes, although relative advantage to “usual care” was not directly examined and the power of the analysis was limited as a result of significant heterogeneity. More research is needed to investigate whether this finding is generalizable to other psychological interventions. Suggestions are also made for developing more differentiated criteria to assist with evaluating the specific applicability of research evidence to different care providers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 & 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Addis, M. E., Wade, W., & Hughes, C. (1999). Barriers to dissemination of evidence-based practices: addressing practitioners’ concerns about manual-based psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 430–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007a). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 126–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007b). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 267–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Axberg, U., & Broberg, A. G. (2012). Evaluation of “The Incredible Years” in Sweden: The transferability of an American parent-training program to Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 224–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., Connell, J., Twigg, E., Leach, C., Lucock, M., et al. (2008). Effects of psychological therapies in randomized trials and practice-based studies. British Journal Clinical Psychology, 47, 397–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. (1997). Defiant children. A clinician’s manual for assessment and PMT (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behan, J., Fitzpatrick, C., Sharry, J., Carr, A., & Waldron, B. (2004). Evaluation of the parenting plus program. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 22, 238–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomquist, M. L., & Schnell, S. V. (2002). Helping children with aggression and conduct problems. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonell, C., Oakley, A., Hargreaves, J., Strange, V., & Rees, R. (2006). Assessment of generalisability in trials of health interventions: Suggested framework and systematic review. BMJ, 333, 346–349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braet, C., Meerschaert, T., Merlevede, E., Bosmans, G., Van Leeuwen, K., & De Mey, W. (2009). Prevention of antisocial behaviour: Evaluation of an early intervention programme. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 223–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, J., Barkham, M., & Stiles, W. B. (2010). Systematic review of practice-based research on psychological therapies in routine clinic settings. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 421–453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F. (2003). The frontier of evidence-based practice. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 42–59). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, S., Sanders, M. R., & Markie-Dadds, C. (1997). Self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of oppositional children in rural and remote areas. Behavior Modification, 21, 379–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connor-Smith, J. K., & Weisz, J. R. (2003). Applying treatment outcome research in clinical practice: Techniques for adapting interventions to the real world. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, P. (2008). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ, 337, 1655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H., Day, C., Cox, A., & Cutler, L. (2000). Child and adolescent mental health needs assessment and service implications in an inner city area. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 169–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawe, S., Harnett, P. H., Rendalls, V., & Staiger, P. (2003). Improving family functioning and child outcome in methadone maintained families: The parents under pressure program. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22, 299–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., Kowalenko, S., Ellis, M., Dawe, S., Harnett, P., & Scott, S. (2010). The helping families programme: A new parenting intervention for children with severe and persistent conduct problems. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 16, 167–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., Michelson, D., Thomson, S., Penney, C., & Draper, L. (2012). Evaluation of a peer led parenting intervention for disruptive behaviour problems in children: Community based randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 344, e1107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deeks, J. J., Altman, D. G., & Bradburn, M. J. (2001). Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. In M. Egger, G. Davey Smith, & D. G. Altman (Eds.), Systematic reviews in health care: Meta-analysis in context (2nd ed., pp. 285–312). London: BMJ Books.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P. T., & Altman, D. G. (2011). Analysing data and undertaking meta-analysis. In J. P. T. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), The Cochrane handbook of systematic reviews of interventions, version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration.

  • DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7, 177–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998). The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomized and non-randomized studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 52, 377–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dretzke, J., Davenport, C., Frew, E., Barlow, J., Stewart-Brown, S., Bayliss, S., Taylor, R., Sandercock, J., & Hyde, C. (2009). The clinical effectiveness of different parenting programs for children with conduct problems: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3(7).

  • Dretzke, J., Frew, E., Davenport, C., Barlow, J., Stewart-Brown, S., Sandercock, J., Bayliss, S., Raftery, J., Hyde, C., & Taylor R. (2005). The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PMT/education programs for the treatment of conduct disorder, including oppositional defiant disorder, in children. Health Technology Assessment, 9(50).

  • Dulcan, M. K. (2005). Practitioner perspectives on evidence-based practice. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 225–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. M., Reid, J. B., & Fetrow, R. A. (2000). An elementary school-based prevention program targeting modifiable antecedent of youth delinquency and violence: Linking the interests of families and teachers (LIFT). Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 165–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enebrink, P., Högström, J., Forster, M., & Ghaderi, A. (2012). Internet-based parent management training: A randomized controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 240–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M. (1980). Eyberg child behavior inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 9, 22–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feinfield, K. A., & Baker, B. L. (2004). Empirical support for a treatment program for families of young children with externalizing problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 182–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, R. L., Merchant, M. J., Parent, J., Long, N., Linnea, K., & Baer, J. (2011). An examination of a group curriculum for parents of young children with disruptive behavior. Behavior Modification, 35, 235–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallart, S., & Matthey, S. (2005). The effectiveness of Group Triple P, and the impact of the four telephone contacts. Behaviour Change, 22, 71–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, F., Burton, J., & Klimes, I. (2006). Randomized controlled trial of a parenting intervention in the voluntary sector for reducing child conduct problems: Outcomes and mechanisms of change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1123–1132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, A. F., Hurlburt, M. S., Brookman-Frazee, L., Taylor, R. M., & Accurso, E. C. (2010). Methodological challenges of characterizing usual care psychotherapeutic practice. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services, 37, 208–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartlehner, G., Hansen, R. A., Nissman, D., Lohr, K. N., & Carey, T. S. (2006). A simple and valid tool distinguished efficacy from effectiveness studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59, 1040–1048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. (1997a). Child and adolescent mental health services: Reasoned advice to commissioners and providers. In Maudsley Discussion Paper No. 4. London: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.

  • Goodman, R. (1997b). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. Millbank Quarterly, 82, 581–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grol, R., & Grimshaw, J. (2003). From best evidence to best practice: Effective implementation of change in patients’ care. Lancet, 11, 1225–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, D., Fogg, L., & Tucker, S. (1995). The efficacy of PMT for promoting positive parent-toddler relationships. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 489–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hautmann, C., Eichelberger, I., Hanisch, C., Plück, J., Walter, D., & Döpfner, M. (2010). The severely impaired do profit most: Short-term and long-term predictors of therapeutic change for a parent management training under routine care conditions for children with externalizing problem behavior. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 419–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W. (2004). Decreasing effect sizes for effectiveness studies—Implications for the transport of evidence-based treatments: Comment on Curtis, Ronan, and Borduin. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 420–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K., Burns, B., Kiser, L., Ringeisen, H., & Schoenwald, S. (2001). Evidence-based practice in child and adolescent mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1179–1189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsley, J., & Lee, C. M. (2007). Research-informed benchmarks for psychological treatments: Efficacy studies, effectiveness studies, and beyond. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 21–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J., Gardner, F., Bywater, T., Daley, D., Whitaker, C., Jones, K., et al. (2007). Parenting intervention in sure start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. BMJ, 334, 678–682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joachim, S., Sanders, M. R., & Turner, K. M. T. (2010). Reducing preschoolers’ disruptive behavior in public with a brief parent discussion group. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 47–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Developing a research agenda for child and adolescent psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 829–835.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (2006). Treatment outcomes, common factors, and continued neglect of mechanisms of change. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12, 184–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2006a). Comorbidity, case complexity, and effects of evidence-based treatment for children referred for disruptive behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 455–467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2006b). Pretreatment social relations, therapeutic alliance, and improvements in parenting practices in parent management training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 346–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., Whitley, M. K., & Marciano, P. L. (2006). Child-therapist and parent-therapist alliance and therapeutic change in the treatment of children referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 436–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, E. (2009). Evaluating interventions in child mental health: The importance of care provider and contextual influences. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14, 163–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kling, A., Forster, M., Sundell, K., & Melin, L. (2010). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of parent management training with varying degrees of therapist support. Behavior Therapy, 41, 530–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B., Fossum, S., Clifford, G., Drugli, M. B., Handegård, B. H., & Mørch, W. T. (2009). Treatment of oppositional defiant and conduct problems in young Norwegian children: Results of a randomized controlled trial. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 42–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, A. S., Fung, J., Ho, L., Liu, L., & Gudino, O. (2011). PMT with high-risk immigrant Chinese families: A pilot group randomized trial yielding practice-based evidence. Behavior Therapy, 42, 413–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, C., Sanders, M. R., Leung, S., Mak, R., & Lau, J. (2003). An outcome evaluation of the implementation of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program in Hong Kong. Family Process, 42, 531–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 737–762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markie-Dadds, C., & Sanders, M. R. (2006). A controlled evaluation of an enhanced self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with conduct problems in rural and remote areas. Behavior Change, 23, 55–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, B. D. (2011). The relation of the alliance with outcomes in youth psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 603–616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, B. D., & Weisz, J. R. (2004). Using dissertations to examine potential bias in child and adolescent clinical trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 235–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morawska, A., Haslam, D., Milne, D., & Sanders, M. R. (2011). Evaluation of a brief parenting discussion group for parents of young children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 136–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NICE. (2005). Depression in children and young people: Identification and management in primary, community and secondary care. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

    Google Scholar 

  • NICE. (2006). Parent-training/education programs in the management of children with conduct disorders. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, R. D., Sweeney, L., Erickson, D. B., & Touyz, S. W. (2003). Parent-child interaction therapy: A comparison of standard and abbreviated treatments for oppositional defiant preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 251–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, T., Forgatch, M. S., Askeland, E., Patterson, G. R., & Bullock, B. M. (2005). Implementation of parent management training at the national level: The case of Norway. Journal of Social Work Practice, 19, 317–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palinkas, L. A., Aarons, G. A., Chorpita, B. F., Hoagwood, K., Landsverk, J., & Weisz, J. R. (2009). Cultural exchange and the implementation of evidence-based practices: Two case studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 19, 602–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J., Barlow, J., Mockford, C., Klimes, I., Pyper, C., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2002). Improving mental health through parenting programs: Block randomized controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 87, 472–477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Public Health Resource Unit. (2006). Critical appraisal skills program (casp): making sense of evidence. Oxford: Public Health Resource Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyno, S. M., & McGrath, P. J. (2006). Predictors of PMT efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 99–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, G., & Brannigan, C. (2008). Are depressed adolescents routinely offered CBT? A brief review of current practice. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 113–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R., Markie-Dadds, C., Tully, L., & Bor, W. (2000). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A comparison of enhanced, standard, and self directed behavioural family intervention for parents of children with early conduct problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 624–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwald, S. K., & Hoagwood, K. (2001). Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of interventions: What matters when? Psychiatric Services, 52, 1179–1189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuhmann, E. M., Foote, R. C., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1998). Efficacy of parent-child interaction therapy: Interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 34–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., Moher, D., & CONSORT Group. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ, 340, 332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serketich, W. J., & Dumas, J. E. (1996). The effectiveness of behavioral PMT to modify antisocial behavior in children: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27, 171–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smelt, A. F., van der Weele, G. M., Blom, J. W., Gussekloo, J., & Assendelft, W. J. (2010). How usual is usual care in pragmatic intervention studies in primary care? An overview of recent trials. British Journal of General Practice, 60, 305–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spielmans, G. I., Gatlin, E. T., & McFall, J. P. (2010). The efficacy of evidence-based psychotherapies versus usual care for youths: Controlling confounds in a meta-reanalysis. Psychother Research, 20, 234–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterne, J. A. C., Sutton, A., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Terrin, N., Jones, D. R., Lau, J., et al. (2011). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 342, d4002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Glasziou, P., & Haynes, R. B. (2010). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, T. K., Schmidt, F., Pepler, D., & Hodgins, C. (1998). A comparison of eclectic treatment with Webster-Stratton’s parents and children series in a children’s mental health center: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 29, 221–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, K. M., & Sanders, M. R. (2006). Help when it’s needed first: A controlled evaluation of brief, preventive behavioral family intervention in a primary care setting. Behavior Therapy, 37, 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Enhancing the effectiveness of self-administered videotape PMT for families with conduct-problem children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 479–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and PMT interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 93–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weersing, V. R., & Weisz, J. R. (2002). Community clinic treatment of depressed youth: Benchmarking usual care against CBT clinical trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 299–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weersing, V. R., Weisz, J. R., & Donenberg, G. R. (2002). Development of the therapy procedures checklist: A measure for assessing the technique use of child and adolescent therapists. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 31, 168–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Donenberg, G. R., Han, S. S., & Weiss, B. (1995). Bridging the gap between laboratory and clinic in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 688–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Doss, A. J., & Hawley, K. M. (2006). Evidence-based youth psychotherapies versus usual clinical care: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. American Psychologist, 61, 671–689.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Hawley, K. M., & Jensen-Doss, A. (2004). Empirically tested psychotherapies for youth internalizing and externalizing problems and disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13, 729–815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Huey, S. J., & Weersing, V. R. (1998). Psychotherapy with children and adolescents: The state of the art. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 49–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., & Jensen, P. S. (1999). Efficacy and effectiveness of child and adolescent psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Mental Health Services Research, 1, 125–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J. R., Jensen-Doss, A., & Hawley, K. M. (2005). Youth psychotherapy outcome research: A review and critique of the evidence base. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 337–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, T. L., Sofronoff, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Pathways Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Effects on parent-child relationships and child behavior problems. Family Process, 48, 517–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK

    Daniel Michelson & Crispin Day

  2. Department of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Clare Davenport & Janine Dretzke

  3. Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Jane Barlow

Authors
  1. Daniel Michelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Clare Davenport
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Janine Dretzke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jane Barlow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Crispin Day
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Michelson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Michelson, D., Davenport, C., Dretzke, J. et al. Do Evidence-Based Interventions Work When Tested in the “Real World?” A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Parent Management Training for the Treatment of Child Disruptive Behavior. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 16, 18–34 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0128-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0128-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation