Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a versatile biopolymer with better material properties, such as purity, high degree of porosity, relative high permeability to liquid and gases, high water-uptake capacity, tensile strength and ultrafine network. This review explores the applications of BC and its hydrogels in the fields of food, cosmetics and drug delivery. Applications of BC in foods are ranging from traditional dessert, low cholesterol diet, vegetarian meat, and as food additive and dietary aid to novel applications, such as immobilization of enzymes and cells. Applications in cosmetics include facial mask, facial scrub, personal cleansing formulations and contact lenses. BC for controlled drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, dental drug delivery, protein delivery, tissue engineering drug delivery, macromolecular prodrug delivery and molecularly imprinted polymer based enantioselective drug delivery are also discussed in this review. The applications of BC in food and cosmetics provide the basis for BC-based functional foods, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and medicated cosmetics. On the basis of current studies, the BC-based drug delivery could be further fine-tuned to get more sophisticated control on stimuli-responsive drug release. Along with the currently available literature, further experiments are required to obtain a blueprint of drug in vivo performance, bioavailability and in vitro–in vivo correlation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad N, Amin MCIM, Mahali SM, Ismail I, Chuang VTG (2014) Biocompatible and mucoadhesive bacterial cellulose-g-poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels for oral protein delivery. Mol Pharm 11:4130–4142
Almeida IF, Pereira T, Silva NH, Gomes FP, Silvestre AJ, Freire CS, Sousa Lobo JM, Costa PC (2014) Bacterial cellulose membranes as drug delivery systems: an in vivo skin compatibility study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 86:332–336
Amin MCIM, Abadi AG, Ahmad N, Katas H, Jamal JA (2012a) Bacterial cellulose film coating as drug delivery system: physicochemical, thermal and drug release properties. Sains Malays 41:561–568
Amin MCIM, Ahmad N, Halib N, Ahmad I (2012b) Synthesis and characterization of thermo-and pH-responsive bacterial cellulose/acrylic acid hydrogels for drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 88:465–473
Amin MCIM, Ahmad N, Pandey M, Xin CJ (2014) Stimuli-responsive bacterial cellulose-g-poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels for oral controlled release drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 40:1340–1349
Amnuaikit T, Chusuit T, Raknam P, Boonme P (2011) Effects of a cellulose mask synthesized by a bacterium on facial skin characteristics and user satisfaction. Med Devices 4:77–81
Aramwit P, Bang N (2014) The characteristics of bacterial nanocellulose gel releasing silk sericin for facial treatment. BMC Biotechnol 14:104
Benbow M, Stevens J (2010) Exudate, infection and patient quality of life. Br J Nur 19:S32–S36
Bodhibukkana C, Srichana T, Kaewnopparat S, Tangthong N, Bouking P, Martin GP, Suedee R (2006) Composite membrane of bacterially-derived cellulose and molecularly imprinted polymer for use as a transdermal enantioselective controlled-release system of racemic propranolol. J Control Rel 113:43–56
Bodin A, Concaro S, Brittberg M, Gatenholm P (2007) Bacterial cellulose as a potential meniscus implant. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1:406–408
Brown AJ (1886a) XIX.–The chemical action of pure cultivations of bacterium aceti. J Chem Soc Trans 49:172–187
Brown AJ (1886b) XLIII.—On an acetic ferment which forms cellulose. J Chem Soc Trans 49:432–439
Bruno BJ, Miller GD, Lim CS (2013) Basics and recent advances in peptide and protein drug delivery. Ther Deliv 4:1443–1467
Butchosa N, Brown C, Larsson PT, Berglund LA, Bulone V, Zhou Q (2013) Nanocomposites of bacterial cellulose nanofibers and chitin nanocrystals: fabrication, characterization and bactericidal activity. Green Chem 15:3404–3413
Campano C, Balea A, Blanco A, Negro C (2015) Enhancement of the fermentation process and properties of bacterial cellulose: a review. Cellulose 23:1–35
Chau C-F, Yang P, Yu C-M, Yen G-C (2008) Investigation on the lipid-and cholesterol-lowering abilities of biocellulose. J Agric Food Chem 56:2291–2295
Chawla PR, Bajaj IB, Survase SA, Singhal RS (2009) Microbial cellulose: fermentative production and applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 47:107–124
Chen X, Chen Z, Zhu J, Xu C, Yan W, Yao C (2011) A novel H2O2 amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/self-doped polyaniline nanofibers. Bioelectrochemistry 82:87–94
Chen L, Zou M, Hong FF (2015) Evaluation of fungal laccase immobilized on natural nanostructured bacterial cellulose. Front Microbiol 6:1245
Czaja W, Romanovicz D, Brown RM (2004) Structural investigations of microbial cellulose produced in stationary and agitated culture. Cellulose 11:403–411
Czaja W, Krystynowicz A, Bielecki S, Brown RM (2006) Microbial cellulose—the natural power to heal wounds. Biomaterials 27:145–151
Czaja WK, Young DJ, Kawecki M, Brown RM (2007) The future prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications. Biomacromolecules 8:1–12
Darbre PD, Harvey PW (2008) Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks. J Appl Toxicol 28:561–578
De Groot AS, Martin W (2009) Reducing risk, improving outcomes: bioengineering less immunogenic protein therapeutics. Clin Immunol 131:189–201
Dobre ML, Stoica-Guzun A (2013) Antimicrobial Ag-polyvinyl alcohol-bacterial cellulose composite films. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 7:157–162
Dobre L-M, Stoica-Guzun A, Stroescu M, Jipa I, Dobre T, Ferdeş M, Ciumpiliac Ş (2012) Modelling of sorbic acid diffusion through bacterial cellulose-based antimicrobial films. Chem Pap 66:144–151
Draelos Z, Hornby S, Walters RM, Appa Y (2013) Hydrophobically modified polymers can minimize skin irritation potential caused by surfactant-based cleansers. J Cosmet Dermatol 12:314–321
Dufresne A (2013) Nanocellulose: from nature to high performance tailored materials. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
Ellis B, Smith R (2008) Polymers: a property database. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Fernandes P (2010) Enzymes in food processing: a condensed overview on strategies for better biocatalysts. Enzyme Res Article ID 862537. doi:10.4061/2010/862537
Fu L, Zhang Y, Li C, Wu Z, Zhuo Q, Huang X, Qiu G, Zhou P, Yang G (2012) Skin tissue repair materials from bacterial cellulose by a multilayer fermentation method. J Mater Chem 22:12349–12357
Gayathry G, Gopalaswamy G (2014) Production and characterisation of microbial cellulosic fibre from Acetobacter xylinum. Indian J Fibre Text Res 39:93–96
Haemmerle G, Signer M, Mittlboeck M (2012) Comparison of PHMB-containing dressing and silver dressings in patients with critically colonised or locally infected wounds. J Wound Care 21:13–19
Harris JM, Chess RB (2003) Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:214–221
Hasan N, Biak DRA, Kamarudin S (2012) Application of bacterial cellulose (BC) in natural facial scrub. IJASEIT 2:1–4
Heath BP, Coffindaffer TW, Kyte III KE, Smith III ED, McConaughy SD (2012) Personal cleansing compositions comprising a bacterial cellulose network and cationic polymer. US patent, US 8097574 B2
Helenius G, Bäckdahl H, Bodin A, Nannmark U, Gatenholm P, Risberg B (2006) In vivo biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose. J Biomed Mater Res A 76:431–438
Huang L, Chen X, Nguyen TX, Tang H, Zhang L, Yang G (2013) Nano-cellulose 3D-networks as controlled-release drug carriers. J Mater Chem B 1:2976–2984
Hubbell JA (1995) Biomaterials in tissue engineering. Nat Biotechnol 13:565–576
Hui J, Yuanyuan J, Jiao W, Yuan H, Yuan Z, Shiru J (2009) Potentiality of bacterial cellulose as the scaffold of tissue engineering of cornea. In: Biomedical engineering and informatics, 2009. 2nd international conference, IEEE, Tianjin, China, pp 1–5
Hussain MA, Badshah M, Iqbal MS, Tahir MN, Tremel W, Bhosale SV, Sher M, Haseeb MT (2009) HPMC-salicylate conjugates as macromolecular prodrugs: design, characterization, and nano-rods formation. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 47:4202–4208
Iguchi M, Yamanaka S, Budhiono A (2000) Bacterial cellulose—a masterpiece of nature’s arts. J Mater Sci 35:261–270
Jay JM, Loessner MJ, Golden DA (2008) Modern food microbiology. Springer, New York
Jipa IM, Stoica-Guzun A, Stroescu M (2012) Controlled release of sorbic acid from bacterial cellulose based mono and multilayer antimicrobial films. LWT Food Sci Technol 47:400–406
Jůzlová P, Martinkova L, Křen V (1996) Secondary metabolites of the fungus Monascus: a review. J Ind Microbiol 16:163–170
Kaliyaperumal A, Jing S (2009) Immunogenicity assessment of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 10:352–358
Kaplan E, Ince T, Yorulmaz E, Yener F, Harputlu E, Laçin NT (2014) Controlled delivery of ampicillin and gentamycin from cellulose hydrogels and their antibacterial efficiency. J Biomater Tissue Eng 4:543–549
Khan T, Park JK, Kwon J-H (2007) Functional biopolymers produced by biochemical technology considering applications in food engineering. Korean J Chem Eng 24:816–826
Khan S, Ul-Islam M, Khattak WA, Ullah MW, Park JK (2015) Bacterial cellulose-titanium dioxide nanocomposites: nanostructural characteristics, antibacterial mechanism, and biocompatibility. Cellulose 22:565–579
Kilara A, Shahani KM, Shukla TP (1979) The use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 12:161–198
Kirdponpattara S, Phisalaphong M (2013) Bacterial cellulose-alginate composite sponge as a yeast cell carrier for ethanol production. Biochem Eng J 77:103–109
Klemm D, Schumann D, Udhardt U, Marsch S (2001) Bacterial synthesized cellulose—artificial blood vessels for microsurgery. Prog Polym Sci 26:1561–1603
Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393
Klemm D, Schumann D, Kramer F, Heßler N, Hornung M, Schmauder H-P, Marsch S (2006) Nanocelluloses as innovative polymers in research and application. Adv Polym Sci 295:49–96
Koohi MK, Hejazy M, Asadi F, Asadian P (2011) Assessment of dermal exposure and histopathologic changes of different sized nano-silver in healthy adult rabbits. J Phys Conf Ser 304:012028
Korani M, Rezayat SM, Bidgoli SA (2013) Sub-chronic dermal toxicity of silver nanoparticles in guinea pig: special emphasis to heart, bone and kidney toxicities. Iran J Pharm Res 12:511–519
Koutinas AA, Sypsas V, Kandylis P, Michelis A, Bekatorou A, Kourkoutas Y, Kordulis C, Lycourghiotis A, Banat IM, Nigam P, Marchant R (2012) Nano-tubular cellulose for bioprocess technology development. PLoS ONE 7:e34350
Krystynowicz A, Czaja W, Wiktorowska-Jezierska A, Gonçalves-Miśkiewicz M, Turkiewicz M, Bielecki S (2002) Factors affecting the yield and properties of bacterial cellulose. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 29:189–195
Kuehl BL, Fyfe KS, Shear NH (2003) Cutaneous cleansers. Skin Ther Lett 8(3):1–4
Lee CK, Hsu KC, Cho JC, Kim YJ, Han SH (2011) Cosmetic bio-cellulose mask pack sheet and method for manufacturing same. US patent, US 20130244977 A1
Legendre JY (2008) Assembly comprising a substrate comprising biocellulose, and a powdered cosmetic composition to be brought into contact with the substrate. US patent, US 20090041815 A1
Levinson DJ, Glonek T (2010) Microbial cellulose contact lens. US patents, US 7832857 B2
Li X, Wan W, Panchal CJ (2010) Transparent bacterial cellulose nanocomposite hydrogels. US patent, US 8940337 B2
Lin K, Lin H (2004) Quality characteristics of chinese-style meatball containing bacterial cellulose (nata). J Food Sci 69:SNQ107–SNQ111
Lin SP, Calvar IL, Catchmark JM, Liu JR, Demirci A, Cheng KC (2013) Biosynthesis, production and applications of bacterial cellulose. Cellulose 20:2191–2219
Lin SP, Hsieh SC, Chen KI, Demirci A, Cheng KC (2014) Semi-continuous bacterial cellulose production in a rotating disk bioreactor and its materials properties analysis. Cellulose 21:835–844
Lin Y-C, Wey Y-C, Lee M-L, Lin P-C (2015) Cosmetic composition containing fragments of bacterial cellulose film and method for manufacturing thereof. US patent, US 20150216784 A1
Lin SP, Liu CT, Hsu KD, Hung YT, Shih TY, Cheng KC (2016) Production of bacterial cellulose with various additives in a PCS rotating disk bioreactor and its material property analysis. Cellulose 3:367–377
Lu W, Senapati D, Wang S, Tovmachenko O, Singh AK, Yu H, Ray PC (2010) Effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver nanomaterials on human skin keratinocytes. Checm Phys Lett 487:92–96
Luan J, Wu J, Zheng Y, Song W, Wang G, Guo J, Ding X (2012) Impregnation of silver sulfadiazine into bacterial cellulose for antimicrobial and biocompatible wound dressing. Biomed Mater 7:065006
Lv P, Feng Q, Wang Q, Li G, Li D, Wei Q (2016) Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose/carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for enzymatic biofuel cell application. Materials 9:183
Malik NN (2008) Drug discovery: past, present and future. Drug Discov Today 13:909–912
Manning MC, Patel K, Borchardt RT (1989) Stability of protein pharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 6:903–918
Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS (2010) Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res 27:544–575
Millon L, Wan W (2006) The polyvinyl alcohol–bacterial cellulose system as a new nanocomposite for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 79:245–253
Montealegre CM, Dionisio ER, Sumera LV, Adolacion JR, De Leon RL (2012) A comparison between the performance of S. cerevisiae cells immobilized in nata de coco biocellulose and calcium alginate during continuous bioethanol production. Int J Chem Eng Appl 3:237–242
Mori R, Nakai T, Enomoto K, Uchio Y, Yoshino K (2011) Increased antibiotic release from a bone cement containing bacterial cellulose. Clin Orthop Relat Res 469:600–606
Müller A, Ni Z, Hessler N, Wesarg F, Müller FA, Kralisch D, Fischer D (2013) The biopolymer bacterial nanocellulose as drug delivery system: investigation of drug loading and release using the model protein albumin. J Pharm Sci 102:579–592
Murphy O (2001) Non-polyol low-digestible carbohydrates: food applications and functional benefits. Br J Nutr 85:S47–S53
Nagel JE, Fuscaldo JT, Fireman P (1977) Paraben allergy. JAMA 237:1594–1595
Ng C-C, Shyu Y-T (2004) Development and production of cholesterol-lowering Monascus-nata complex. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 20:875–879
Nguyen LA, He H, Pham-Huy C (2006) Chiral drugs: an overview. Int J Biomed Sci 2:85–100
Nguyen DN, Ton NMN, Le VVM (2009) Optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilization in bacterial cellulose by ‘adsorption-incubation’method. Int Food Res J 16:59–64
Nimeskern L, Avila HM, Sundberg J, Gatenholm P, Müller R, Stok KS (2013) Mechanical evaluation of bacterial nanocellulose as an implant material for ear cartilage replacement. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 22:12–21
Okiyama A, Motoki M, Yamanaka S (1992) Bacterial cellulose II. Processing of the gelatinous cellulose for food materials. Food Hydrocoll 6:479–487
Okiyama A, Motoki M, Yamanaka S (1993) Bacterial cellulose IV. Application to processed foods. Food Hydrocoll 6:503–511
Olyveira GM, Costa LMM, Basmaji P (2013) Physically modified bacterial cellulose as alternative routes for transdermal drug delivery. J Biomater Tissue Eng 3:227–232
Osma JF, Toca-Herrera JL, Rodríguez-Couto S (2010) Uses of laccases in the food industry. Enzyme Res Article ID 918761. doi:10.4061/2010/918761
Ougiya H, Watanabe K, Morinaga Y, Yoshinaga F (1997) Emulsion-stabilizing effect of bacterial cellulose. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:1541–1545
Pandey M, Amin MCIM, Ahmad N, Abeer MM (2013) Rapid synthesis of superabsorbent smart-swelling bacterial cellulose/acrylamide-based hydrogels for drug delivery. Int J Polym Sci Article ID 905471. doi:10.1155/2013/905471
Pandey M, Mohamad N, Amin MCIM (2014) Bacterial cellulose/acrylamide pH-sensitive smart hydrogel: development, characterization, and toxicity studies in ICR mice model. Mol Pharm 11:3596–3608
Park JK, Khan T, Jung JY (2009) Bacterial Cellulose. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Handbook of hydrocolloids. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, pp 724–739
Pavaloiu R-D, Stoica-Guzun A, Stroescu M, Jinga SI, Dobre T (2014a) Composite films of poly(vinyl alcohol)–chitosan–bacterial cellulose for drug controlled release. Int J Biol Macromol 68:117–124
Pavaloiu R-D, Stoica A, Stroescu M, Dobre T (2014b) Controlled release of amoxicillin from bacterial cellulose membranes. Cent Eur J Chem 12:962–967
Pavaloiu R-D, Stroescu M, Parvulescu O, Dobre T (2014c) Composite hydrogels of bacterial cellulose-carboxymethyl cellulose for drug release. Rev Chim Buchar 65:948–951
Păvăloiu R-D, Stoica-Guzun A, Dobre T (2015) Swelling studies of composite hydrogels based on bacterial cellulose and gelatin. UPB Sci Bull Ser B 77:54–62
Peng Y-S, Lin S-C, Huang S-J, Wang Y-M, Lin Y-J, Wang L-F, Chen J-S (2006) Chondroitin sulfate-based anti-inflammatory macromolecular prodrugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 29:60–69
Peppas NA, Wood KM, Blanchette JO (2004) Hydrogels for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. Expert Opin Biol Ther 4:881–887
Petersen N, Gatenholm P (2011) Bacterial cellulose-based materials and medical devices: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91:1277–1286
Phisalaphong M, Chiaoprakobkij N (2012) Applications and products—nata de coco. In: Gama M, Gatenholm P, Klemm D (eds) Bacterial nanocellulose: a sophisticated multifunctional material. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 143–156
Pinto RJ, Daina S, Sadocco P, Pascoal Neto C, Trindade T (2013) Antibacterial activity of nanocomposites of copper and cellulose. Biomed Res Int Article ID 280512. doi:10.1155/2013/280512
Pircher N, Veigel S, Aigner N, Nedelec JM, Rosenau T, Liebnera F (2014) Reinforcement of bacterial cellulose aerogels with biocompatible polymers. Carbohydr Polym 111:505–513
Prabhu BM, Ali SF, Murdock RC, Hussain SM, Srivatsan M (2010) Copper nanoparticles exert size and concentration dependent toxicity on somatosensory neurons of rat. Nanotoxicology 2010:150–160
Prausnitz MR, Langer R (2008) Transdermal drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 26:1261–1268
Prausnitz MR, Mitragotri S, Langer R (2004) Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:115–124
Purwadaria T, Gunawan L, Agustin GW (2010) The production of nata colored by Monascus purpureus J1 pigments as functional foods. Microbiol Indones 4:6–10
Qiu K, Netravali AN (2014) A review of fabrication and applications of bacterial cellulose based nanocomposites. Polym Rev 54:598–626
Radi ZA, Khan NK (2006) Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition on the gastrointestinal tract. Exp Toxicol Pathol 58:163–173
Ratner BD, Bryant SJ (2004) Biomaterials: where we have been and where we are going. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 6:41–75
Ray PC, Yu H, Fu PP (2009) Toxicity and environmental risks of nanomaterials: challenges and future needs. J Environ Sci Health A 27:1–35
Ross P, Mayer R, Benziman M (1991) Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria. Microbiol Rev 55:35–58
Rouabhia M, Asselin J, Tazi N, Messaddeq Y, Levinson D, Zhang Z (2014) Production of biocompatible and antimicrobial bacterial cellulose polymers functionalized by RGDC grafting groups and gentamicin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:1439–1446
Rubinstein MP (2003) Applications of contact lens devices in the management of corneal disease. Eye 17:872–876
Samberg ME, Oldenburg SJ, Monteiro-Riviere NA (2010) Evaluation of silver nanoparticle toxicity in skin in vivo and keratinocytes in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 118:407–413
Saxena IM, Brown RM Jr (2012) Biosynthesis of bacterial cellulose. In: Gama M, Gatenholm P, Klemm D (eds) Bacterial nanocellulose: a sophisticated multifunctional material. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–18
Serafica G, Mormino R, Oster GA, Lentz KE, Koehler KP (2010) Microbial cellulose wound dressing for treating chronic wounds. US patent, US 7704523 B2
Shezad O, Khan S, Khan T, Park JK (2010) Physicochemical and mechanical characterization of bacterial cellulose produced with an excellent productivity in static conditions using a simple fed-batch cultivation strategy. Carbohydr Polym 82:173–180
Shi Q, Li Y, Sun J, Zhang H, Chen L, Chen B, Yang H, Wang Z (2012) The osteogenesis of bacterial cellulose scaffold loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2. Biomaterials 33:6644–6649
Shi X, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Peng Y (2013) A novel drug carrier based on functional modified nanofiber cellulose and the control release behavior. In: Fourth international conference on smart materials and nanotechnology in engineering. International society for optics and photonics, Gold Coast, Australia, pp 879304–879306
Shi X, Zheng Y, Wang G, Lin Q, Fan J (2014a) pH-and electro-response characteristics of bacterial cellulose nanofiber/sodium alginate hybrid hydrogels for dual controlled drug delivery. RSC Adv 4:47056–47065
Shi Z, Zhang Y, Phillips GO, Yang G (2014b) Utilization of bacterial cellulose in food. Food Hydrocoll 35:539–545
Shoichet MS (2009) Polymer scaffolds for biomaterials applications. Macromolecules 43:581–591
Silva NH, Rodrigues AF, Almeida IF, Costa PC, Rosado C, Neto CP, Silvestre AJ, Freire CS (2014) Bacterial cellulose membranes as transdermal delivery systems for diclofenac: in vitro dissolution and permeation studies. Carbohydr Polym 106:264–269
Siró I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials: a review. Cellulose 17:459–494
Steinemann TL, Fletcher M, Bonny AE, Harvey RA, Hamlin D, Zloty P, Besson M, Walter K, Gagnon M (2005) Over-the-counter decorative contact lenses: cosmetic or medical devices? A case series. Eye Contact Lens 31:194–200
Stenstad P, Andresen M, Tanem BS, Stenius P (2008) Chemical surface modifications of microfibrillated cellulose. Cellulose 15:35–45
Stephens RS, Westland JA, Neogi AN (1990) Method of using bacterial cellulose as a dietary fiber component. US patent, US 4960763 A
Stoica-Guzun A, Stroescu M, Tache F, Zaharescu T, Grosu E (2007) Effect of electron beam irradiation on bacterial cellulose membranes used as transdermal drug delivery systems. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 265:434–438
Sulaeva I, Henniges U, Rosenau T, Potthast A (2015) Bacterial cellulose as a material for wound treatment: properties and modifications. A review. Biotechnol Adv 33:1547–1571
Svensson A, Nicklasson E, Harrah T, Panilaitis B, Kaplan D, Brittberg M, Gatenholm P (2005) Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Biomaterials 26:419–431
Tam TTM, Huong NT (2014) Optimization of Corynebacterium glutamicum immobilization process on bacterial cellulose carrier and its application for lysine fermentation. IOSRJEN 4:33–38
Tang L, Persky AM, Hochhaus G, Meibohm B (2004) Pharmacokinetic aspects of biotechnology products. J Pharm Sci 93:2184–2204
Tomé LC, Brandão L, Mendes AM, Silvestre AJ, Neto CP, Gandini A, Freire CS, Marrucho IM (2010) Preparation and characterization of bacterial cellulose membranes with tailored surface and barrier properties. Cellulose 17:1203–1211
Ton N, Le V (2011) Application of immobilized yeast in bacterial cellulose to the repeated batch fermentation in wine-making. Int Food Res J 18:983–987
Tournilhac F, Lorant R (2003) Composition in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion containing cellulose fibrils, and its uses, especially cosmetic uses. US patent, US 6534071 B1
Trovatti E, Freire CS, Pinto PC, Almeida IF, Costa P, Silvestre AJ, Neto CP, Rosado C (2012) Bacterial cellulose membranes applied in topical and transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride and ibuprofen: in vitro diffusion studies. Int J Pharm 435:83–87
Ul-Islam M, Khan T, Khattak WA, Park JK (2013) Bacterial cellulose-MMTs nanoreinforced composite films: novel wound dressing material with antibacterial properties. Cellulose 20:589–596
Vermonden T, Censi R, Hennink WE (2012) Hydrogels for protein delivery. Chem Rev 112:2853–2888
Vowden K, Vowden P (2003) Understanding exudate management and the role of exudate in the healing process. Br J Community Nurs 8:S4–S13
Walters RM, Mao G, Gunn ET, Hornby S (2012) Cleansing formulations that respect skin barrier integrity. Dermatol Res Pract Article ID 495917. doi:10.1155/2012/495917
Wan Y, Gao C, Han M, Liang H, Ren K, Wang Y, Luo H (2011) Preparation and characterization of bacterial cellulose/heparin hybrid nanofiber for potential vascular tissue engineering scaffolds. Polym Adv Technol 22:2643–2648
Wang LP, Wang JY (2014) Skin penetration of inorganic and metallic nanoparticles. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ (Sci) 19:691–697
Wang W, Li HY, Zhang DW, Jiang J, Cui YR, Qiu S, Zhou YL, Zhang XX (2010) Fabrication of bienzymatic glucose biosensor based on novel gold nanoparticles-bacteria cellulose nanofibers nanocomposite. Electroanalysis 22:2543–2550
Wang T, Long X, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Yan S (2014) The potential toxicity of copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on juvenile Epinephelus coioides. Aquat Toxicol 152:96–104
Wanling Z, Zhe L, Zerui Z, Bihui Z, Shiyan C, Huaping W, Wen Z (2012) Preparation method for anti-virus bacteria cellulose protective. CN patent, 102321261 A
Wei B, Yang G, Hong F (2011) Preparation and evaluation of a kind of bacterial cellulose dry films with antibacterial properties. Carbohydr Polym 84:533–538
Wen X, Zheng Y, Wu J, Yue L, Wang C, Luan J, Wu Z, Wang K (2015) In vitro and in vivo investigation of bacterial cellulose dressing containing uniform silver sulfadiazine nanoparticles for burn wound healing. Prog Nat Sci 25:197–203
Wonganu B, Kongruang S. (2010) Red bacterial cellulose production by fermentation of Monascus purpureus. In: Chemistry and chemical engineering (ICCCE), international conference, IEEE, Kyoto, Japan, pp 137–141
Wright JM (2002) The double-edged sword of COX-2 selective NSAIDs. CMAJ 167:1131–1137
Wu S-C, Lia Y-K (2008) Application of bacterial cellulose pellets in enzyme immobilization. J Mol Catal B Enzym 54:103–108
Wu S-C, Lia Y-K, Ho C-Y (2013) Glucoamylase immobilization on bacterial cellulose using periodate oxidation method. IJSE 3:1–4
Yadav V, Paniliatis BJ, Shi H, Lee K, Cebe P, Kaplan DL (2010) Novel in vivo-degradable cellulose-chitin copolymer from metabolically engineered Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:6257–6265
Yang M (2015) Stress and protein instability during formulation and fill/finish processes. BioPharm Int 28:46–49
Yano H, Sugiyama J, Nakagaito AN, Nogi M, Matsuura T, Hikita M, Handa K (2005) Optically transparent composites reinforced with networks of bacterial nanofibers. Adv Mater 17:153–155
Yoshino A, Tabuchi M, Uo M, Tatsumi H, Hideshima K, Kondo S, Sekine J (2013) Applicability of bacterial cellulose as an alternative to paper points in endodontic treatment. Acta Biomater 9:6116–6122
Zhang T, Wang W, Zhang D, Zhang X, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Qi L (2010) Biotemplated synthesis of gold nanoparticle–bacteria cellulose nanofiber nanocomposites and their application in biosensing. Adv Funct Mater 20:1152–1160
Zhong CY (2008) Bacterial cellulose gel face mask. CN patent, 200610075040.8
Zimmermann KA, LeBlanc JM, Sheets KT, Fox RW, Gatenholm P (2011) Biomimetic design of a bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone healing applications. Mater Sci Eng C 31:43–49
Acknowledgments
Hanif Ullah is grateful to Higher Education of Pakistan for fully funded indigenous scholarship (213-62780-2BM2-148) and foreign research sponsorship (IRSIP 30 PS 20) at University of Helsinki, Finland. Dr. H.A. Santos acknowledges financial support from the Academy of Finland (Grants Nos. 252215 and 281300), the University of Helsinki Research Funds, Biocentrum Helsinki, and the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013) (Grant No. 310892).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ullah, H., Santos, H.A. & Khan, T. Applications of bacterial cellulose in food, cosmetics and drug delivery. Cellulose 23, 2291–2314 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0986-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0986-y