Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Probiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor and non-motor features. Although some progress has been made in conventional PD treatments, these breakthroughs have yet to show high efficacy in treating this neurodegenerative disease. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics have putative anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Multiple lines of evidence show that probiotics control and improve several motor and non-motor symptoms in patients and experimental animal models of PD. Probiotic supplementation mediates these pharmacological effects by targeting a variety of cellular and molecular processes, i.e., oxidative stress, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as apoptosis. Herein, we summarize the effects of probiotics on motor and non-motor symptoms as well as various cellular and molecular pathways in PD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alipour Nosrani E, Tamtaji OR, Alibolandi Z, Sarkar P, Ghazanfari M, Azami Tameh A, Taghizadeh M, Banikazemi Z, Hadavi R, Naderi Taheri M (2020) Neuroprotective effects of probiotics bacteria on animal model of Parkinson’s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study. J Immunoassay Immunochem 42:106–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asl ZR, Sepehri G, Salami M (2019) Probiotic treatment improves the impaired spatial cognitive performance and restores synaptic plasticity in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 376:112183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azad M, Kalam A, Sarker M, Li T, Yin J (2018) Probiotic species in the modulation of gut microbiota: an overview. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9478630

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri S, Heydari A, Alinaghipour A, Salami M (2019) Effect of probiotic supplementation on seizure activity and cognitive performance in PTZ-induced chemical kindling. Epilepsy Behav 95:43–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barichella M, Pacchetti C, Bolliri C, Cassani E, Iorio L, Pusani C, Pinelli G, Privitera G, Cesari I, Faierman SA (2016) Probiotics and prebiotic fiber for constipation associated with Parkinson disease: an RCT. Neurology 87(12):1274–1280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bessler H, Djaldetti R, Salman H, Bergman M, Djaldetti M (1999) IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Parkinson’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 53(3):141–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block ML, Zecca L, Hong J-S (2007) Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 8(1):57–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borre YE, O’Keeffe GW, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2014) Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol Med 20(9):509–518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borzabadi S, Oryan S, Eidi A, Aghadavod E, Kakhaki RD, Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Asemi Z (2018) The effects of probiotic supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in patients with Parkinsonâ s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Iran Med 21(7):289–295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cassani E, Privitera G, Pezzoli G, Pusani C, Madio C, Iorio L, Barichella M (2011) Use of probiotics for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson’s disease patients. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 57(2):117–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castelli V, d’Angelo M, Lombardi F, Alfonsetti M, Antonosante A, Catanesi M, Benedetti E, Palumbo P, Cifone MG, Giordano A (2020) Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s disease models. Aging (Albany, NY) 12(5):4641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Hou Y, Yang J, Du R, Chen C, Chen F, Wang H, Ge R, Chen J (2018) P75 involved in the ubiquitination of α-synuclein in rotenone-based Parkinson’s disease models. Neuroscience 388:367–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daliri EBM, Lee BH, Oh DH (2019) Safety of probiotics in health and disease. In: Singh RB, Watson RR, Takahashi T (eds) The role of functional food security in global health. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 603–622

    Google Scholar 

  • Distrutti E, O’Reilly JA, McDonald C, Cipriani S, Renga B, Lynch MA, Fiorucci S (2014) Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP. PLoS ONE 9(9):e106503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dong L, Lu F, Zu J, Zhang W, Xu C, Jin G, Yang X, Xiao Q, Cui C, Xu R (2020) MiR-133b inhibits MPP+-induced apoptosis in Parkinson’s disease model by inhibiting the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24(21):11192–11198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doron S, Snydman DR (2015) Risk and safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 60(Suppl 2):129–134. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer Z, Chaiquin M, Landrigan J, Ayoub K, Shail P, Rocha J, Childers CL, Storey KB, Philpott DJ, Sun H (2021) The impact of dextran sodium sulphate and probiotic pre-treatment in a murine model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 18(1):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forssten S, Ouwehand AC (2020) Dose-response recovery of probiotic strains in simulated gastro-intestinal passage. Microorganisms. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010112

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Georgescu D, Ancusa OE, Georgescu LA, Ionita I, Reisz D (2016) Nonmotor gastrointestinal disorders in older patients with Parkinson’s disease: is there hope? Clin Interv Aging 11:1601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guo S, Al-Sadi R, Said HM, Ma TY (2013) Lipopolysaccharide causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability in vitro and in vivo by inducing enterocyte membrane expression and localization of TLR-4 and CD14. Am J Pathol 182(2):375–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hannan MA, Dash R, Sohag AAM, Haque M, Moon IS (2020) Neuroprotection against oxidative stress: phytochemicals targeting TrkB signaling and the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant system. Front Mol Neurosci 13:116

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto M, Hsu LJ, Xia Y, Takeda A, Sisk A, Sundsmo M, Masliah E (1999) Oxidative stress induces amyloid-like aggregate formation of NACP/α-synuclein in vitro. NeuroReport 10(4):717–721

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassanzadeh K, Rahimmi A (2018) Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the story of Parkinson’s disease: could targeting these pathways write a good ending? J Cell Physiol 234(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26865

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinifard E-S, Morshedi M, Bavafa-Valenlia K, Saghafi-Asl M (2019) The novel insight into anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects of psychobiotics in diabetic rats: possible link between gut microbiota and brain regions. Eur J Nutr 58(8):3361–3375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howells D, Porritt MJ, Wong J, Batchelor P, Kalnins R, Hughes A, Donnan G (2000) Reduced BDNF mRNA expression in the Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 166(1):127–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh T-H, Kuo C-W, Hsieh K-H, Shieh M-J, Peng C-W, Chen Y-C, Chang Y-L, Huang Y-Z, Chen C-C, Chang P-K (2020) Probiotics alleviate the progressive deterioration of motor functions in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Sci 10(4):206

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim A, Ali RAR, Manaf MRA, Ahmad N, Tajurruddin FW, Qin WZ, Desa SHM, Ibrahim NM (2020) Multi-strain probiotics (Hexbio) containing MCP BCMC strains improved constipation and gut motility in Parkinson’s disease: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE 15(12):e0244680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii T, Furuoka H, Kaya M, Kuhara T (2021) Oral Administration of probiotic bifidobacterium breve improves facilitation of hippocampal memory extinction via restoration of aberrant higher induction of neuropsin in an MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Biomedicines 9(2):167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(4):368–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Stacy M (2007) Medical management of levodopa-associated motor complications in patients with Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drugs 21(8):677–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Pranteda ML, Pérez-Davó A, Monteoliva-Sánchez M, Ramos-Cormenzana A, Aguilera M (2015) Food omics validation: towards understanding key features for gut microbiota, probiotics and human health. Food Anal Methods 8(2):272–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin W (2020) Regulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling and potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Med 9(1):257

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YS, Joh TH (2006) Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Mol Med 38(4):333–347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim GH, Kim JE, Rhie SJ, Yoon S (2015) The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental Neurobiology 24(4):325

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kouchaki E, Kakhaki RD, Tamtaji OR, Dadgostar E, Behnam M, Zaribaf A, Nikoueinejad H, Akbari H, Asemi Z (2018) Correlation of serum levels and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8 like-2 with Parkinson disease severity. Metab Brain Dis 33(6):1955–1959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer BR, Snow JP, Vollbrecht P, Pathak A, Valentine WM, Deutch AY, Carter BD (2014) A role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor in axonal degeneration and apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 289(31):21205–21216

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lavasani S, Dzhambazov B, Nouri M, Fåk F, Buske S, Molin G, Thorlacius H, Alenfall J, Jeppsson B, Weström B (2010) A novel probiotic mixture exerts a therapeutic effect on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mediated by IL-10 producing regulatory T cells. PLoS ONE 5(2):9009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y-J, Cho H-N, Soh J-W, Jhon GJ, Cho C-K, Chung H-Y, Bae S, Lee S-J, Lee Y-S (2003) Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis is mediated by ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res 291(1):251–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Jin L, Wang H, Zhao H, Zhao C, Duan C, Lu L, Wu B, Yu S, Chan P (2008) Silencing α-synuclein gene expression enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activity in MN9D cells. Neurochem Res 33(7):1401–1409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lull ME, Block ML (2010) Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 7(4):354–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magistrelli L, Amoruso A, Mogna L, Graziano T, Cantello R, Pane M, Comi C (2019) Probiotics may have beneficial effects in Parkinson’s disease: in vitro evidence. Front Immunol 10:969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marizzoni M, Provasi S, Cattaneo A, Frisoni GB (2017) Microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurol 30(6):630–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzanaeni S, Pakpour B, Navabian M (2019) The treatment effect of probiotic Bacillus coagulans on male Parkinson’s rats. J Appl Microbiol Food Ind 5(3):17–30

  • Mogna L, Deidda F, Nicola S, Amoruso A, Del Piano M, Mogna G (2016) In Vitro Inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae by Lactobacillus delbrueckii Subsp. delbrueckii LDD01 (DSM 22106): an Innovative Strategy to Possibly Counteract Such Infections in Humans? J Clin Gastroenterol 50(Suppl 2):S136–S139. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000000680

  • Mogna L, Del Piano M, Deidda F, Nicola S, Soattini L, Debiaggi R, Sforza F, Strozzi G, Mogna G (2012) Assessment of the in vitro inhibitory activity of specific probiotic bacteria against different Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Gastroenterol 46(Suppl):S29-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e31826852b7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi G, Dargahi L, Naserpour T, Mirzanejad Y, Alizadeh SA, Peymani A, Nassiri-Asl M (2019) Probiotic mixture of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 attenuates hippocampal apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. 22(3):317–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-018-00051-3

  • Morshedi M, Hashemi R, Moazzen S, Sahebkar A, Hosseinifard E-S (2019) Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation 16(1):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulak A, Bonaz B (2015) Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson’s disease. World J Gastroenterol: WJG 21(37):10609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ouwehand AC (2017) A review of dose-responses of probiotics in human studies. Beneficial Microbes 8(2):143–151. https://doi.org/10.3920/bm2016.0140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan J, Zhao Y-x, Wang Z-Q, Jin L, Sun Z-K, Chen S-D (2007) Expression of FasL and its interaction with Fas are mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in 6-OHDA-induced rat model of Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 428(2–3):82–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parashar A, Udayabanu M (2017) Gut microbiota: Implications in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 38:1–7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Park J-S, Leem Y-H, Park J-E, Kim D-Y, Kim H-S (2019) Neuroprotective effect of β-lapachone in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mouse model: involvement of astroglial p-AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Biomol Ther 27(2):178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pencina MJ, Louzao DM, McCourt BJ, Adams MR, Tayyabkhan RH, Ronco P, Peterson ED (2016) Supporting open access to clinical trial data for researchers: The Duke Clinical Research Institute-Bristol-Myers Squibb Supporting Open Access to Researchers Initiative. Am Heart J 172:64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2015.11.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez M, Calles-Enríquez M, Nes I, Martin MC, Fernandez M, Ladero V, Alvarez MA (2015) Tyramine biosynthesis is transcriptionally induced at low pH and improves the fitness of Enterococcus faecalis in acidic environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(8):3547–3558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6301-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez M, Ladero V, Del Rio B, Redruello B, de Jong A, Kuipers OP, Kok J, Martin MC, Fernandez M, Alvarez MA (2016) Transcriptome profiling of TDC cluster deletion mutant of Enterococcus faecalis V583. Genomics Data 9:67–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2016.06.012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Petrov V, Saltykova I, Zhukova I, Alifirova V, Zhukova N, Dorofeeva YB, Tyakht A, Kovarsky B, Alekseev D, Kostryukova E (2017) Analysis of gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 162(6):734–737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pietrucci D, Cerroni R, Unida V, Farcomeni A, Pierantozzi M, Mercuri NB, Biocca S, Stefani A, Desideri A (2019) Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in a selected population of Parkinson’s patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 65:124–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimlou M, Hosseini SA, Majdinasab N, Haghighizadeh MH, Husain D (2020) Effects of long-term administration of Multi-Strain Probiotic on circulating levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and mental health in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2020.1758887

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez AI, de Hoz R, Salobrar-Garcia E, Salazar JJ, Rojas B, Ajoy D, López-Cuenca I, Rojas P, Triviño A, Ramírez JM (2017) The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson, and glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 9:214

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ren J, Yuan L, Wang W, Zhang M, Wang Q, Li S, Zhang L, Hu K (2019) Tricetin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson’s disease model by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and preventing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 378:114617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romano S, Savva GM, Bedarf JR, Charles IG, Hildebrand F, Narbad A (2021) Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. NPJ Parkinson’s Dis 7(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders LH, Greenamyre JT (2013) Oxidative damage to macromolecules in human Parkinson disease and the rotenone model. Free Radical Biol Med 62:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar SR, Banerjee S (2019) Gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroimmunol 328:98–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheperjans F, Aho V, Pereira PA, Koskinen K, Paulin L, Pekkonen E, Haapaniemi E, Kaakkola S, Eerola-Rautio J, Pohja M (2015) Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson’s disease and clinical phenotype. Mov Disord 30(3):350–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scudamore O, Ciossek T (2018) Increased oxidative stress exacerbates α-synuclein aggregation in vivo. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 77(6):443–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sidorova YA, Saarma M (2020) Can growth factors cure Parkinson’s disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 41(12):909–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Souza JM, Giasson BI, Chen Q, Lee VM-Y, Ischiropoulos H (2000) Dityrosine cross-linking promotes formation of stable α-synuclein polymers: implication of nitrative and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. J Biol Chem 275(24):18344–18349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su CM, Kung CT, Chen FC, Cheng HH, Hsiao SY, Lai YR, Huang CC, Tsai NW, Lu CH (2018) Manifestations and outcomes of patients with Parkinson’s disease and serious infection in the emergency department. Biomed Res Int 2018:6014896. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6014896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Li H, Jin Y, Yu J, Mao S, Su K-P, Ling Z, Liu J (2021) Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorated motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease via gut microbiota-GLP-1 pathway. Brain Behav Immun 91:703–715

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Yoshioka M, Hashimoto M, Murakami M, Noya M, Takahashi D, Urashima M (2013) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in Parkinson disease. The American of Clinical Nutrition 97(5):1004–1013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sveinbjornsdottir S (2016) The clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 139:318–324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamtaji OR, Behnam M, Pourattar MA, Jafarpour H, Asemi Z (2019) Aquaporin 4: a key player in Parkinson’s disease. J Cell Physiol 234(12):21471–21478. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamtaji OR, Hadinezhad T, Fallah M, Shahmirzadi AR, Taghizadeh M, Behnam M, Asemi Z (2020a) The therapeutic potential of quercetin in parkinson’s disease: insights into its molecular and cellular regulation. Curr Drug Targets 21(5):509–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamtaji OR, Reiter RJ, Alipoor R, Dadgostar E, Kouchaki E, Asemi Z (2020b) Melatonin and Parkinson disease: current status and future perspectives for molecular mechanisms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 40(1):15–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Aghadavod E, Mafi A, Dadgostar E, Kakhaki RD, Abolhassani J, Asemi Z (2019b) The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 176:116–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamtaji OR, Taghizadeh M, Kakhaki RD, Kouchaki E, Bahmani F, Borzabadi S, Oryan S, Mafi A, Asemi Z (2019c) Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 38(3):1031–1035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan AH, Lim S-Y, Chong KK, Manap MAAA, Hor JW, Lim JL, Low SC, Chong CW, Mahadeva S, Lang AE (2021) Probiotics for constipation in Parkinson disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurology 96(5):e772–e782

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan F, Liu G, Lau S-Y, Jaafar M, Park Y-H, Azzam G, Li Y, Liong M-T (2020) Lactobacillus probiotics improved the gut microbiota profile of a Drosophila melanogaster Alzheimer’s disease model and alleviated neurodegeneration in the eye. Beneficial Microbes 11(1):79–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tankou SK, Regev K, Healy BC, Cox LM, Tjon E, Kivisakk P, Vanande IP, Cook S, Gandhi R, Glanz B (2018) Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 24(1):58–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodore S, Cao S, McLean PJ, Standaert DG (2008) Targeted overexpression of human α-synuclein triggers microglial activation and an adaptive immune response in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67(12):1149–1158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kessel SP, Frye AK, El-Gendy AO, Castejon M, Keshavarzian A, van Dijk G, El Aidy S (2019) Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Nat Commun 10(1):310. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08294-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Visñuk DP, de Giori GS, LeBlanc JG, de LeBlanc AM (2020) Neuroprotective effects associated with immune modulation by selected lactic acid bacteria in a Parkinson’s disease model. Nutrition 79:110995

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Ma C, Mao Z, Li M (2004) JNK inhibition as a potential strategy in treating Parkinson’s disease. Drug News Perspect 17(10):646–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei Z, Li X, Li X, Liu Q, Cheng Y (2018) Oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Mol Neurosci 11:236

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall S, Lomis N, Kahouli I, Dia SY, Singh SP, Prakash S (2017) Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: deciphering the gut brain axis. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 74(20):3769–3787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2550-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie C, Prasad AA (2020) Probiotics treatment improves hippocampal dependent cognition in a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. Microorganisms 8(11):1661

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zarkovic K (2003) 4-hydroxynonenal and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Aspects Med 24(4–5):293–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zeng Y (2012) Overview of tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol DisordDrug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders) 11(4):350–358

Download references

Funding

No specific source of funding is associated with this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

    Hamed Mirzaei & Omid Reza Tamtaji

  2. Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Saman Sedighi

  3. Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran

    Ebrahim Kouchaki

  4. Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran

    Erfaneh Barati

  5. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Ehsan Dadgostar

  6. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA

    Michael Aschner

  7. Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Omid Reza Tamtaji

Authors
  1. Hamed Mirzaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saman Sedighi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ebrahim Kouchaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Erfaneh Barati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ehsan Dadgostar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Michael Aschner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Omid Reza Tamtaji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HM, SS, EK, EB, ED, MA and O-RT contributed in the conception or design of the work and drafting of the manuscript. All authors confirmed the final version for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Omid Reza Tamtaji.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mirzaei, H., Sedighi, S., Kouchaki, E. et al. Probiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update. Cell Mol Neurobiol 42, 2449–2457 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01128-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01128-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation