Abstract
Epigenetics play an essential role in the occurrence and improvement of many diseases. Evidence shows that epigenetic modifications are crucial to the regulation of gene expression. DNA methylation is closely linked to embryonic development in mammalian. In recent years, epigenetic drugs have shown unexpected therapeutic effects on neurological diseases, leading to the study of the epigenetic mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Unlike genetics, epigenetics modify the genome without changing the DNA sequence. Research shows that epigenetics is involved in all aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. The study of epigenetic will provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases, which may lead to new treatments and diagnoses. This article reviews the role of epigenetic modifications neurodegenerative diseases with dyskinesia, and discusses the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Code Availability
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Abbreviations
- AGO2:
-
Argonaute 2
- ALS:
-
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ALKHB5/10B:
-
AlkB homolog 5/10B
- B RG 1 :
-
Brahma-related gene 1
- circRNA:
-
Circular RNA
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CpG:
-
Cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- D2:
-
Dopamine receptor 2
- D3:
-
Dopamine receptor 3
- DNMT:
-
DNA methyl-transferase
- ELP3:
-
Elongator protein 3
- eIF3:
-
Eukaryotic initiation factor 3
- FRDA:
-
Friedreich ataxia
- FTD:
-
Frontotemporal dementia
- FTO:
-
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein
- FUS:
-
Fused in sarcoma
- HATs:
-
Histone acetyltransferases
- HDACs:
-
Histone deacetylases
- HD:
-
Huntington’s disease
- HDACi:
-
HDAC inhibitor
- H3K9:
-
Histone H3 lysine 9
- HnRNP:
-
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein
- IGF2BP 1/2/3:
-
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1/2/3
- JmjC:
-
Family and members of the Jumonji C
- lncRNAs:
-
Long noncoding RNA
- LSD:
-
Lysine-specific demethylase
- m6A:
-
N6-Methyladenosine
- METTL3/14/16:
-
Methyltransferase like 3/14/16
- miRNA:
-
MicroRNA
- nBAF:
-
Neuronal BRG1-associated factor complex
- NMDA:
-
N-methyl-d-aspartate
- NURD:
-
Nucleosome remodeling histone deacetylase
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- piRNA:
-
Piwi related RNA
- PRC2:
-
Polycomb-repressive complex 2
- PTM:
-
Post-transcriptional modifier
- PRRC2A:
-
Proline rich coiled-coil 2A
- rRNA:
-
Ribosomal RNA
- siRNA:
-
Small interfering RNA
- SMA:
-
Spinal muscular atrophy
- SMN1 :
-
Survival motor neuron 1
- SNCA:
-
α-Synuclein
- snRNA:
-
Small nuclear RNA
- snoRNA:
-
Small nucleolar RNA
- tRNA:
-
Transfer RNA
- SOD1:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- SIRT:
-
Sirtuins
- TDP-43:
-
TAR-DNA Binding Protein 43
- TET:
-
Ten-eleven translocation
- tsRNA:
-
TRNA derived small RNA
- TUG1 :
-
Taurine-upregulated gene 1
- YTHDF1/2/3:
-
YTH domain-containing family protein 1/2/3
- YTHDC1/2:
-
YTH domain-containing protein ½
- 5caC:
-
5-Carboxylcytosine
- 5hmC:
-
5MC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
- 5mC:
-
5-Methylcytosine
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Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Hui Yuan, Haiying Wang, Bingchen Liu, Xuda Liu, Yi Wen, Rong Cui, Tingwei Pan, Binbin Liu, and Miaoling Wu for their valuable advices.
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We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province [2020-MS-152], the Basic Research Fund of Young Program of Higher Education of Liaoning Province (Grant No. QNK201735), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81302406) and the Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists in School of Public Health, China Medical University.
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Each author substantially contributed to the review. ZQ: conception and design, drafting the manuscript; JL, ML, XD, LZ, SW, BX, WL, and ZX: revising the manuscript; YD: conception and design, revising it critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Qi, Z., Li, J., Li, M. et al. The Essential Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases with Dyskinesia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 42, 2459–2472 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01133-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01133-z