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Evidence and Implications of Recent Climate Change in Northern Alaska and Other Arctic Regions

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Abstract

The Arctic climate is changing. Permafrost is warming, hydrological processes are changing and biological and social systems are also evolving in response to these changing conditions. Knowing how the structure and function of arctic terrestrial ecosystems are responding to recent and persistent climate change is paramount to understanding the future state of the Earth system and how humans will need to adapt. Our holistic review presents a broad array of evidence that illustrates convincingly; the Arctic is undergoing a system-wide response to an altered climatic state. New extreme and seasonal surface climatic conditions are being experienced, a range of biophysical states and processes influenced by the threshold and phase change of freezing point are being altered, hydrological and biogeochemical cycles are shifting, and more regularly human sub-systems are being affected. Importantly, the patterns, magnitude and mechanisms of change have sometimes been unpredictable or difficult to isolate due to compounding factors. In almost every discipline represented, we show how the biocomplexity of the Arctic system has highlighted and challenged a paucity of integrated scientific knowledge, the lack of sustained observational and experimental time series, and the technical and logistic constraints of researching the Arctic environment. This study supports ongoing efforts to strengthen the interdisciplinarity of arctic system science and improve the coupling of large scale experimental manipulation with sustained time series observations by incorporating and integrating novel technologies, remote sensing and modeling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Water and Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 755860, 437 Duckering Building, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775-5860

    Larry D. Hinzman, W. Robert Bolton, F. Stuart Chapin, Douglas L. Kane, David R. Klein, Gary Kofinas, Thomas E. Osterkamp, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Donald A. Walker, Kevin S. Winker & Kenji Yoshikawa

  2. Marine Biological Laboratory, U.S.A.

    Neil D. Bettez

  3. University of Colorado, U.S.A.

    Mark B. Dyurgerov

  4. Middlebury College, U.S.A.

    Chris L. Fastie & Andrea H. Lloyd

  5. Michigan State University, U.S.A.

    Robert D. Hollister, Craig E. Tweedie & Patrick J. Webber

  6. San Diego State University, U.S.A.

    Allen Hope, Walter C. Oechel & Douglas A. Stow

  7. Huntington Consulting, U.S.A.

    Henry P. Huntington

  8. Ukpeaġvik Iñupiat Corporation, U.S.A.

    Anne M. Jensen

  9. Colorado State University, U.S.A.

    Gensuo J. Jia

  10. Alaska Biological Research, U.S.A.

    Torre Jorgenson

  11. Monash University, Australia

    Amanda H. Lynch

  12. US Geological Survey, U.S.A.

    Brad Griffith & A. David McGuire

  13. University of Delaware, U.S.A.

    Frederick E. Nelson

  14. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S.A.

    Charles H. Racine & Matthew Sturm

  15. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A.

    Robert S. Stone

  16. California State University, San Marcos, U.S.A.

    George L. Vourlitis

  17. US Forest Service, U.S.A.

    Marilyn D. Walker

  18. University of Alaska Anchorage, U.S.A.

    Jeffrey M. Welker

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Correspondence to Larry D. Hinzman.

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Hinzman, L.D., Bettez, N.D., Bolton, W.R. et al. Evidence and Implications of Recent Climate Change in Northern Alaska and Other Arctic Regions. Climatic Change 72, 251–298 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5352-2

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