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Building capacities of women for climate change adaptation: Insights from migrant-sending households in Nepal

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Abstract

Women’s capacities are often constrained due to their roles in their household and society, institutional barriers and social norms. These constraints result in low adaptive capacity of women, which make them more vulnerable to hazards. As more men seek employment opportunities away from home, women are required to acquire new capacities to manage new challenges, including risks from climate change. An action research was conducted to assess impacts of capacity building interventions for women left behind in enhancing adaptive capacity of migrant-sending households in rural areas vulnerable to floods in Nepal. This study finds that capacity-building interventions, which aimed to strengthen autonomous adaptation measures (e.g. precautionary savings and flood preparedness), also positively influenced women to approach formal institutions. Besides, the intervention households were more likely to invest a part of the precautionary savings in flood preparedness measures than control households.

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Notes

  1. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.

  2. Seymour et al. (2016) measure women’s empowerment based on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), which is a survey-based index proposed by Alkire et al. (2013) and includes indicators across five domains: production, resources, income, leadership and time allocation.

  3. Other hazards include landslide, fire, drought, pest and diseases in crops, cold wave and attack by wild animal.

  4. According to the Disaster Risk Management Plan of Udayapur district, Hadiya, Jogidaha, Rampur Thoksila, Risku Sundarpur and Tapeshwori are recognised as highly affected by floods (Government of Nepal 2011b).

  5. Remittances, agricultural land and livestock significantly contribute to income and savings of rural households in Nepal (Sah and Shah 2016), which may lead to flood preparedness, as reported elsewhere (De Silva and Kawasaki 2018). In some instances, active household members including women prefer to invest remittances in business and enterprises, rather than saving them (Acharya 2016).

  6. Radio and television are important sources of early warning for floods (Government of Nepal 2013).

  7. Male-female ratio has a negative but statistically significant relationship with ‘preparing emergency kit’. It is expected in the context of Nepal where active male household members mostly outmigrate to other areas for work and are unavailable to prepare for disasters (Hussain et al. 2016). Interestingly, economically active female members have a negative influence on ‘preparing emergency kit’. During the absence of male migrant worker, economically active women’s participation in agricultural activities or other types of family work is likely to increase (Torosyan et al. 2016). Hence, these women will have little time for disaster preparedness. Moreover, agricultural land has a positive influence on food storage due mainly to the availability of food grains from domestic production.

  8. 2015 Nepal Earthquake

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Acknowledgements

This paper is based on research supported by the Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in the Himalayas (Himalica) Programme, which was implemented by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and funded by the European Union. The authors appreciate the encouragement from Dr. Surendra Raj Joshi (ICIMOD) and Dr. Ganesh Gurung (Nepal Institute of Development Studies/NIDS) as well as constructive feedback from Dr. Suman Bisht (ICIMOD), Mr. Ghulam Shah (ICIMOD) and Dr. Bidhubhusan Mahapatra. The authors would like to thank Mr. Sanjay Sharma, Mr. Ram Basnet, Mr. Mahendra Gurung, and NIDS’s district team for their invaluable support to this research. The authors appreciate the support from Centre for the Study of Labour and Mobility and Shodhashala in data collection. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback. The views and interpretations in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily attributable to ICIMOD and European Union.

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    Soumyadeep Banerjee, Abid Hussain, Sabarnee Tuladhar & Arabinda Mishra

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Table 7 Descriptive statistics of variables
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Table 8 Difference in means of control and intervention groups in baseline data
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Table 9 Variance inflation factors (VIF) for variables
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Banerjee, S., Hussain, A., Tuladhar, S. et al. Building capacities of women for climate change adaptation: Insights from migrant-sending households in Nepal. Climatic Change 157, 587–609 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02572-w

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