Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Moving Beyond Housing: Service Implications for Veterans Entering Permanent Supportive Housing

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Clinical Social Work Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As a result of efforts to end homelessness among U.S. veterans, more former service members are entering permanent supportive housing (PSH). While PSH has been successfully used to house homeless veterans, more research is needed about services beyond housing placement and retention. This study uses the Gelberg–Andersen behavioral model for vulnerable populations to determine associations between predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics and recent service use (i.e., services to satisfy basic needs, occupational development, financial, healthcare, mental health) among unaccompanied homeless veterans (N = 126) entering PSH in Los Angeles. Among the significant findings, as indicated using univariable logistic regression models, were veterans who had incarceration histories were more likely to utilize basic needs services, compared to those without incarceration histories. Veterans who received an honorable discharge were more likely to utilize occupational development services, compared to veterans with other discharge statuses. Veterans who had a case manager were more likely to utilize mental health services than those without a case manager, while those who received social security were less likely to utilize mental health services compared to veterans who did not receive social security. Veterans who met criteria for a psychological disability and veterans who met criteria for probable PTSD were more likely to use basic needs services and mental health services than veterans who fell below these thresholds. Clinical implications for social workers including “equal access to services,” “enhancing economic stability,” “providing safe and affordable housing with trauma-informed services,” and “training service social workers to deliver well-informed linkages and services” are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Banks, S. (2012). Ethics and values in social work. Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Baggett, T. P., Tobey, M. L., & Rigotti, N. A. (2013). Tobacco use among homeless people—Addressing the neglected addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(3), 201–204. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1301935.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bassuk, E. L., Buckner, J. C., Perloff, J. N., & Bassuk, S. S. (1998). Prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders among homeless and low-income housed mothers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1561–1564. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.11.1561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, S. (2013). The HEARTH Act. Cityscape, 15, 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F. (1995). The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199505000-00006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boothroyd, R. A., & Chen, H. J. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Colorado Symptom Index. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35, 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-008-0179-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bramley, T. J., Nightengale, B. S., Frech-Tamas, F., & Gerbino, P. P. (2006). Relationship of blood pressure control to adherence with antihypertensive monotherapy in 13 managed care organizations. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 12, 239–245. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2006.12.3.239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bratcher, K., Burchman, H., Casey, R., Cho, R., Clark, C., Davis, D., … Hooshyar, D. (2015). Permanent supportive housing resource guide. VA National Center on Homelessness. Retrieved from https://www.va.gov/HOMELESS/nchav/docs/Permanent%20Supportive%20Housing%20Resource%20Guide%20-%20FINAL.PDF.

  • Bremness, A., & Polzin, W. (2014). Trauma informed care. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 86.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. A., Kennedy, D. P., Tucker, J. S., Wenzel, S. L., Golinelli, D., Wertheimer, S. R., & Ryan, G. W. (2012). Sex and relationships on the street: How homeless men judge partner risk on Skid Row. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 774–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-9965-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, M. R. (2012). Impact of housing and work supports on outcomes for chronically homeless adults with mental illness: LA’s HOPE. Psychiatric Services, 63(3), 209–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • California Health Interview Survey. (2011). Adult questionnaire, version 10.3. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Health and Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carolina Population Center. (2009). Restricted-use dataset descriptions & codebooks: Wave IV, section 22: Involvement with criminal justice system. Retrieved from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/codebooks/wave4.

  • Collins, B., Dilger, R. J., Dortch, C., Kapp, L., Lowry, S., & Perl, L. (2014). Employment for veterans: Trends and programs. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2245&context=key_workplace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, K. J., Yagelka, J. R., Matters, M. D., Rich, A. R., Williams, V., & Buchanan, M. (2001). Reliability and validity of a modified Colorado Symptom Index in a national homeless sample. Mental Health Services Research, 3, 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011571531303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, M., & Smith, A. (2013). Cell Internet use 2013. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargo, J., Metraux, S., Byrne, T., Munley, E., Montgomery, A. E., Jones, H., … Culhane, D. (2012). Prevalence and risk of homelessness among US veterans. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, E45.

  • Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (Eds.). (2009). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funnell, M. M., Brown, T. L., Childs, B. P., Haas, L. B., Hosey, G. M., Jensen, B., … Weiss, M. A. (2009). National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care, 32, S87–S94. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S087.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gelberg, L., Andersen, R. M., & Leake, B. D. (2000). The behavioral model for vulnerable populations: Application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Health Services Research, 34(6), 1273–1302.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, A. J., Haas, G. L., Luther, J. F., Hilton, M. T., & Goldstein, G. (2010). Personal, medical, and healthcare utilization among homeless veterans served by metropolitan and nonmetropolitan veteran facilities. Psychological Services, 7(2), 65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Green, H. D., Tucker, J. S., Golinelli, D., & Wenzel, S. L. (2013). Social networks, time homeless, and social support: A study of men on Skid Row. Network Science, 1, 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1017/nws.2013.18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, A. B., Poza, I., & Washington, D. L. (2011). “Homelessness and trauma go hand-in-hand”: Pathways to homelessness among women veterans. Women’s Health Issues, 21, S203–S209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2011.04.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney, C. A., & Israel, B. A. (2008). Social networks and social support. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed., pp. 189–210). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henwood, B. F., Rhoades, H., Hsu, H., Couture, J., Rice, E., & Wenzel, S. L. (2015). Changes in social networks and HIV risk behaviors among homeless adults transitioning into permanent supportive housing: A mixed methods pilot study. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 11, 124–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2009). Shelter from the storm: Trauma-informed care in homelessness services settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3, 131–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. W. (2001). Homelessness and health. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164, 229–233.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R. B., Zyzanski, S. J., & Alemagno, S. A. (1991). Prediction of motivation and behavior change following health promotion: Role of health beliefs, social support, and self-efficacy. Social Science & Medicine, 32, 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90109-P.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, D. P., Brown, R. A., Golinelli, D., Wenzel, S. L., Tucker, J. S., & Wertheimer, S. R. (2013). Masculinity and HIV risk among homeless men in Los Angeles. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(2), 156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klinkenberg, W. D., Caslyn, R. J., Morse, G. A., Yonker, R. D., McCudden, S., Ketema, F., & Constantine, N. T. (2003). Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C among homeless persons with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00094-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kort-Butler, L. A., & Tyler, K. A. (2012). A cluster analysis of service utilization and incarceration among homeless youth. Social Science Research, 41(3), 612–623.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kouzis, A. C., & Eaton, W. W. (1998). Absence of social networks, social support and health services utilization. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1301–1310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798007454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, J. A., & Rosenheck, R. (1999). Social support and service use among homeless persons with serious mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 45, 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/002076409904500103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larimer, M. E., Malone, D. K., Garner, M. D., Atkins, D. C., Burlingham, B., Lonczak, H. S., … Marlatt, G. A. (2009). Health care and public service use and costs before and after provision of housing for chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindamer, L. A., Liu, L., Sommerfeld, D. H., Folsom, D. P., Hawthorne, W., Garcia, P., … Jeste, D. V. (2012). Predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with high service use in a public mental health system. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 39(3), 200–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mares, A. S., Kasprow, W. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2004). Outcomes of supported housing for homeless veterans with psychiatric and substance abuse problems. Mental Health Services Research, 6(4), 199–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, D. K., Fix, G. M., Solomon, J. L., Petrakis, B. A., Sawh, L., & Smelson, D. A. (2015). Preliminary needs assessment of mobile technology use for healthcare among homeless veterans. PeerJ, 3, e1096. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1096.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, D. K., Li, A. E., & Hogan, T. P. (2013). Opportunities for engaging low-income, vulnerable populations in health care: A systematic review of homeless persons’ access to and use of information technologies. American Journal of Public Health, 103(S2), e11–e24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McInnes, D. K., Sawh, L., Petrakis, B. A., Rao, S. R., Shimada, S. L., Eyrich-Garg, K. M., … Smelson, D. A. (2014). The potential for health-related uses of mobile phones and internet with homeless veterans: Results from a multisite survey. Telemedicine and e-Health, 20, 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, A. E., Hill, L. L., Kane, V., & Culhane, D. P. (2013). Housing chronically homeless veterans: Evaluating the efficacy of a Housing First approach to HUD-VASH. Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance to End Homelessness. (April 22, 2015). Fact sheet: Veteran homelessness. Retrieved from http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/fact-sheet-veteran-homelessness.

  • National Health Care for the Homeless Council. (June, 2011). Homelessness and health: What’s the connection? Retrieved from http://www.nhchc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/09/Hln_health_factsheet_Jan10.pdf.

  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (2003). Recommended alcohol questions. Retrieved from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/research/guidelines-and-resources/recommended-alcohol-questions.

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2012). Resource guide: Screening for drug use in general medical settings: The NIDA Quick Screen. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/resource-guide-screening-drug-use-in-general-medical-settings/nida-quick-screen.

  • National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC). (1999). Codebook for client data. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/www/nshapc/datadocu/cb_cli.pdf.

  • Nyamathi, A. M., Dixon, E. L., Robbins, W., Smith, C., Wiley, D., Leake, B.,.. . Gelberg, L. (2002). Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17(2), 134–143.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Campo, P., Kirst, M., Schaefer-McDaniel, N., Firestone, M., Scott, A., & McShane, K. (2009). Community-based services for homeless adults experiencing concurrent mental health and substance use disorders: A realist approach to synthesizing evidence. Journal of Urban Health, 86(6), 965–989.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, M. J., Kasprow, W., & Rosenheck, R. (2009). Direct placement versus multistage models of supported housing in a population of veterans who are homeless. Psychological Services, 6, 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, M. J., Kasprow, W. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2012). Differential impact of supported housing on selected subgroups of homeless veterans with substance abuse histories. Psychiatric Services, 63, 1195–1205. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201000229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, M. J., Kasprow, W. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2013). The impact of current alcohol and drug use on outcomes among homeless veterans entering supported housing. Psychological Services, 10, 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, V. L., Moriarity, C., Jonas, K., Moore, T. F., Davis, K. E., & Tompkins, L. (2014). Design and estimation for the national health interview survey, 2006–2015. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research, (165), 1–53.

  • Pavao, J., Turchik, J. A., Hyun, J. K., Karpenko, J., Saweikis, M., McCutcheon, S., … Kimerling, R. (2013). Military sexual trauma among homeless veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28, 536–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2341-4.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Penning, M. J. (1995). Health, social support, and the utilization of health services among older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50, S330–S339. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/50B.5.S330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poremski, D., Stergiopoulos, V., Braithwaite, E., Distasio, J., Nisenbaum, R., & Latimer, E. (2016). Effects of Housing First on employment and income of homeless individuals: Results of a randomized trial. Psychiatric Services, 67(6), 603–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prins, A., Ouimette, P., Kimerling, P., Cameron, R. P., Hugelshofer, D. S., Shaw-Hegwer, J., … Sheikh, J. I. (2003). The Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD): Development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry, 9, 9–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47, 1102–1114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.47.9.1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RAND Corporation. (2000). HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS): HCSUS baseline questionnaire table of contents. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/health/projects/hcsus/Base.html.

  • Rhoades, H., Wenzel, S. L., Golinelli, D., Tucker, J. S., Kennedy, D. P., Green, H. D., & Zhou, A. (2011). The social context of homeless men’s substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118, 320–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, H., Wenzel, S. L., Rice, E., Winetrobe, H., & Henwood, B. (2017). No digital divide? Technology use among homeless adults. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 26(1), 73–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, E. (2011). HIV risk in large networks of homeless youth (R01 MH093336). Rockville, MD: NIMH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenheck, R. A. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder and employment in veterans participating in Veterans Health Administration Compensated Work Therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45(3), 427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenheck, R. A., & Mares, A. S. (2007). Implementation of supported employment for homeless veterans with psychiatric or addiction disorders: Two-year outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 58(3), 325–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stack, K., Cortina, J., Samples, C., Zapata, M., & Arcand, L. F. (2000). Race, age, and back pain as factors in completion of residential substance abuse treatment by veterans. Psychiatric Services, 51(9), 1157–1161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. A., Andersen, R., & Gelberg, L. (2007). Applying the Gelberg–Andersen behavioral model for vulnerable populations to health services utilization in homeless women. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(5), 791–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. A., Andersen, R. M., Koegel, P., & Gelberg, L. (2000). Predicting health services utilization among homeless adults: A prospective analysis. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 11, 212–230. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J. A., Andersen, R. M., Robertson, M., & Gelberg, L. (2012). Impact of hepatitis B and C infection on health services utilization in homeless adults: A test of the Gelberg-Andersen behavioral model for vulnerable populations. Health Psychology, 31(1), 20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J., Pietrzak, R. H., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2013). Homeless veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: Gender differences, combat exposure, and comparisons with previous cohorts of homeless veterans. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 40, 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-012-0431-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J., Kasprow, W. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2014). Alcohol and drug use disorders among homeless veterans: Prevalence and association with supported housing outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsemberis, S. (2010). Housing first: Ending homelessness, promoting recovery, and reducing costs. In E. I. Gould, B. O'Flaherty (Eds.), How to house the homeless (pp. 37–56). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsemberis, S., Gulcur, L., & Nakae, M. (2004). Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 651–656. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.4.651.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsemberis, S., McHugo, G., Williams, V., Hanrahan, P., & Stefancic, A. (2007). Measuring homelessness and residential stability: The Residential Time-Line Follow-Back Inventory. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, J., Kennedy, D., Ryan, G., Wenzel, S., Golinelli, D., Zazzali, J., & McCarty, C. (2009). Homeless women’s personal networks: Implications for understanding risk behavior. Human Organization, 68, 129–140. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.68.2.m23375u1kn033518.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, K. A., Hoyt, D. R., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2000). The effects of early sexual abuse on later sexual victimization among female homeless and runaway adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626000015003001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Homeless Veterans’ Reintegration Program (HVRP) information. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/vets/programs/hvrp/main2013.htm.

  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015). Applying for benefits and your character of discharge. Retrieved from http://www.benefits.va.gov/benefits/character_of_discharge.asp.

  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2016). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-VA Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program. Retrieved from http://www.va.gov/homeless/hud-vash.asp.

  • University of Southern California. (2015). The state of the american veteran: The orange county veteran study. Retrieved from http://www.oc-cf.org/document.doc?id=1410.

  • Wenzel, S. (2005). Alcohol use and HIV risk among impoverished women (Grant No. 5R01AA015301). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, S. (2009). Heterosexual HIV risk behavior in homeless men (Grant No. 1R01HD059307). Rockville, MD: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, S. L., Bakhtiar, L., Caskey, N. H., Hardie, E., Redford, C., Sadler, N., & Gelberg, L. (1995). Homeless veterans’ utilization of medical, psychiatric, and substance abuse services. Medical Care, 33(11), 1132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, S. L., Tucker, J. S., Elliott, M. N., & Hambarsoomians, K. (2007). Sexual risk among impoverished women: Understanding the role of housing status. AIDS and Behavior, 11(2), 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolitski, R. J., Kidder, D. P., & Fenton, K. A. (2007). HIV, homelessness, and public health: Critical issues and a call for increased action. AIDS and Behavior, 11, S167–S171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9277-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the 26 community partners and their clients, without whom this work would not have been possible. We would also like to thank our invaluable interviewers: Monika Caraballo, Adam Carranza, David-Preston Dent, Hsun-Ta Hsu, and Jack Lahey.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant No. R01DA036345).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 1149 S. Hill St. Suite 360, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA

    Taylor Harris, Hailey Winetrobe, Harmony Rhoades, Carl Andrew Castro & Suzanne Wenzel

Authors
  1. Taylor Harris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hailey Winetrobe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Harmony Rhoades
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Carl Andrew Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Suzanne Wenzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Taylor Harris.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Harris, T., Winetrobe, H., Rhoades, H. et al. Moving Beyond Housing: Service Implications for Veterans Entering Permanent Supportive Housing. Clin Soc Work J 46, 130–144 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0648-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0648-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation